ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objective Our objective was to evaluate gestational weight gain (GWG) patterns and their relation to birth weight. Subjects and methods We prospectively enrolled 474 women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) at a university hospital (Porto Alegre, Brazil, November 2009-May 2015). GWG was categorized according to the 2009 Institute of Medicine guidelines; birth weight was classified as large (LGA) or small (SGA) for gestational age. Adjusted relative risks (aRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were determined. Results Adequate GWG occurred in 121 women [25.5%, 95% CI: 22, 30%]; excessive, in 180 [38.0%, 95% CI: 34, 43%]; and insufficient, in 173 [36.5%, 95% CI: 32, 41%]. In women with normal body mass index (BMI), the prevalence of SGA was higher in those with insufficient compared to adequate GWG (30% vs. 0%, p < 0.001). In women with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, excessive GWG increased the prevalence of LGA [aRR 2.58, 95% CI: 1.06, 6.29] and protected from SGA [aRR 0.25, 95% CI: 0.10, 0.64]. Insufficient vs. adequate GWG did not influence the prevalence of SGA [aRR 0.61, 95% CI: 0.31, 1.22]; insufficient vs. excessive GWG protected from LGA [aRR 0.46, 95% CI: 0.23, 0.91]. Conclusions One quarter of this cohort achieved adequate GWG, indicating that specific ranges have to be tailored for GDM. To prevent inadequate birth weight, excessive GWG in women with higher BMI and less than recommended GWG in normal BMI women should be avoided; less than recommended GWG may be suitable for overweight and obese women.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Adult , Birth Weight/physiology , Weight Gain/physiology , Diabetes, Gestational/physiopathology , Socioeconomic Factors , Prospective StudiesABSTRACT
O uso de aspirina é recomendado como estratégia de prevenção cardiovascular em pacientes com diabete melito. Em decorrência do risco de eventos hemorrágicos e da hipótese de que poderia haver um agravamento das complicações microvasculares associado ao uso da aspirina, tem havido importante sub-utilização dessa terapia. Entretanto, está definido que o uso de aspirina não piora a retinopatia diabética e existem evidências de que também não afeta a função renal em doses usuais (150 mg/dia). Por outro lado, pacientes com diabete melito parecem necessitar de doses maiores do agente antiplaquetário, o que sugere que esses indivíduos apresentem a chamada "resistência à aspirina". Os mecanismos dessa resistência ainda não estão completamente esclarecidos, estando provavelmente relacionados à atividade plaquetária intrínseca anormal. Portanto, o emprego de terapêuticas antiplaquetárias alternativas ou a administração de doses maiores de aspirina (150-300 mg/dia) devem ser melhor avaliados em relação a um aumento da eficácia na prevenção da doença cardiovascular e também a possíveis efeitos nas complicações microvasculares no diabete melito.
Aspirin is recommended as cardiovascular disease prevention in patients with diabetes mellitus. Due to the increased risk of bleeding and because of the hypothesis that there could be a worsening of microvascular complications related to aspirin, there has been observed an important underutilization of the drug. However, it is now known that aspirin is not associated with a deleterious effect on diabetic retinopathy and there is evidence indicating that it also does not affect renal function with usual doses (150 mg/d). On the other hand, higher doses may prove necessary, since recent data suggest that diabetic patients present the so called "aspirin resistance". The mechanisms of this resistance are not yet fully understood, being probably related to an abnormal intrinsic platelet activity. The employment of alternative antiplatelet strategies or the administration of higher aspirin doses (150-300 mg/d) should be better evaluated regarding effective cardiovascular disease prevention in diabetes as well as the possible effects on microvascular complications.