ABSTRACT
Objective: To analyze the progress of eliminating malaria and the epidemiological characteristics of malaria in Sanya city, Hainan Province, China, from 1951 to 2018. Methods: This study used the historical data analysis method which belongs to descriptive study to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of malaria. The data were obtained from previous historical records of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Sanya. Microsoft Excel 2010 and IBM SPSS 21.0 software were used for data collation and analysis. Results: The malaria prevention and control in Sanya experienced three main stages. Time during 1951-1983 is the period of controlling malaria epidemic, 1984-2009 is the period of regular management, and 2010-2018 is the period of eliminating malaria. From 1951 to 2018, the incidence of malaria showed a long-term trend of gradual decline. The average annual incidence rates were 268.55 per 10 000 people during 1951-1983, 22.96 per 10 000 people during 1984-2009, and 0.026 per 10 000 people during 2010-2018, respectively. The highest incidence of malaria in history was in 1956 and the incidence was 1 030.60 per 10 000 people. From 1951 to 2018, the incidence of malaria was high in all months througout the year, with the highest incidence in July. The distribution characteristics of the insect species were as follows: before 1981, the reported cases were mainly Plasmodium falciparum malaria; from 1981 to 2014, the reported cases were Plasmodium falciparum malaria and Plasmodium vivax malaria; and the local cases were quartan malaria in 2015. As for the characteristics of the vectors: before 1960, Anopheles minimus was the main vector of malaria transmission, and after 1980, Anopheles dirus was the main vector. Conclusions: From 1951 to 2018, the incidence of malaria in Sanya decreased gradually and showed a trend of elimination.
ABSTRACT
To evaluate the changes induced in tumor tissue, the feeding artery, and neovascularization upon pingyangmycin-lipiodol emulsion treatment via transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) using the rabbit VX2 liver cancer model. The VX2 liver tumor model was established in 28 rabbits, and baseline tumor volume (V1, in mm3) was measured by spiral scan computed tomography (CT). Then, the rabbits were randomly divided into four groups (n = 7 each) and administered intraarterial therapies of: ultrafluid lipoidol embolization (group A); pingyangmycin (group B); pingyangmycin-lipiodol emulsion (group C); or saline (group D). All rabbits were sacrificed seven days later, and the response to therapy was determined by measuring the tumor volume (V2, in mm3), calculating the tumor growth rate, detecting expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) tumor biomarker, and performing histological analysis of the microvessel density (MVD) in the liver. Prior to therapy, the average V1 of the groups was statistically similar (A: 389.8+/-167.3, B: 404.1+/-184.9, C: 355.1+/-158.3, D: 378.1+/-189.0; (F = 0.257, P more than 0.05). In contrast, after therapy the average V2 of the groups was significantly different (A: 922.6+/-32.9, B: 665.9+/-99.9, C: 349.5+/-177.8, D: 1403.5+/-411.2; F = 26.23, P less than 0.05), as was the tumor growth ratio (A: 1.4, B: 0.6, C: -0.02, D: 2.7) and the mean positive ratio of VEGF (A: 57.1%, B: 42.9%, C: 28.6%, D: 100%; F = 8.407, P less than 0.05). MVD was highest in group D and lowest in group C (all, P less than 0.05). Bivariate correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation between VEGF expression and MVD (r = 0.743, P less than 0.01). Pingyangmycin exerts anti-tumor effects in the rabbit VX2 liver cancer model, but is more effective when administered as the combination therapy of pingyangmycin-lipiodol emulsion with TACE.