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Echinococcus granulosus is an important zoonotic parasite globally causing cystic echinococcosis (CE) in humans and animals. In this study, prevalence of CE and variation of cox1 gene sequence were analyzed with isolates E. granulosus collected from different areas in northern Xinjiang, China. The survey showed that 3.5% of sheep and 4.1% of cattle were infected with CE. Fragment of cox1 was amplified from all the positive sheep and cattle samples by PCR. In addition, 26 positive samples across the 4 areas were included. The isolates were all E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) containing 15 haplotypes (Hap1-15), and clustered into 2 genotypes, G1 (90.1%, 91/101) and G3 (9.9%, 10/101). Hap1 was the most common haplotype (48.5%, 49/101). Hap9 were found in humans samples, indicating that sheep and cattle reservoir human CE. It is indicate that E. granulosus may impact on control of CE in livestock and humans in the region.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Humans , China , Cross-Sectional Studies , Echinococcosis , Echinococcus granulosus , Echinococcus , Genotype , Haplotypes , Livestock , Parasites , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Prevalence , SheepABSTRACT
Alveolar and cystic echinococcosis are important zoonotic diseases caused by the dog/fox tapeworms of Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis, which are distributed in almost whole the world. The diseases remarkably impact on the people's health and economic development of communities. Echinococcus tapeworms need two mammalian animals to complete their lifecycle. The worms undergo different developmental stages (adult, egg/oncosphere, cyst, and protoscolex). Each stage has its own distinct physiological characteristics. We summarize the characteristics and emphasize that some features that strongly impact on design of control program. Based on the lifecycle of these worms, two stages are infectious, one is egg the only stage for primarily infecting humans and intermediate host, and another stage is protoscolex, the only stage for infecting the definite hosts of the worms. Eggs are produced by the adult worms parasitized in the intestine of definite hosts. It takes 45 days for eggs becoming mature in dogs. With this feature of the tapeworm, New Zealand and Tasmania in Australia designed control program for deworming 8 times annually with an interval between deworms at 45 days. E. multilocularis takes 28-30 days in dog/fox producing mature eggs. Given that co-existence of E. granulosus and E. multilocularis in western China, a control measure so called "prepatent deworming control measure" has been used in these endemic areas with dosing worms in dogs every month. It normally takes 12-15 months for producing protosocleces in E. granulosus cysts in sheep. If meat markets attract most lambs, that is an effective measure for controlling cystic echinococcosis given that there are no protoscoleces produced from those lambs. In addition, Echinococcus has its own unique biological characteristics, such as sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction, single-cell layer structure of cyst, bidirectional development of protoscoleces induced by bile salts, and long term of infection causing host asymptomatic reaction make the parasites a models for addressing some biological and biomedical issues. And more, hydatid cyst fluid is the antigen resource for identifying diagnostic reagents; the specific gene expressed in oncospheres has been developed as an effective vaccine used for control program. With the development and application of high-throughput omics, including genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics, we can use the physiological characteristics of Echinococcus for searching diagnostic reagents, developing preventive vaccines and identify new drug targets.
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The main work and achievements of clinical pathway work in China since 2009 were systematically reviewed in the paper. It analyzed the problems existing in the implementation of clinical pathway management in China, and suggested on such management in the future. The suggestions include:deeper understanding, convergence with the payment system reform, strengthened quality control, further informatization,and better performance appraisal system.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To assess the association of copy number variations (CNVs) of exon 11 of IL-23 receptor gene with susceptibility to active pulmonary tuberculosis among Chinese Uygurs.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In this study, 250 subjects with active pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and 250 normal controls were recruited. A paired case-control study was conducted in the Chinese Uygur population in Xinjiang and the CNV of IL-23R was analyzed using Taqman real-time PCR.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The study showed that the frequencies of different copy number in exon 11 of IL-23R between PTB and control groups were statistically significant (χ(2)=13.35, P<0.01). There were significant difference in CNV of exon 11 in IL-23R between PTB patients and controls (χ(2)=14.95, P<0.01, OR=2.875, 95%CI: 1.655-4.994). The increase of copy number in exon 11 of IL-23R showed significantly different between PTB and control groups (χ(2)=10.475, P=0.0012, OR=2.611, 95%CI: 1.437-4.744).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The CNV of exon 11 in IL-23R is associated with PTB in the Chinese Uygur population. The increase of the copy number in exon 11 of IL-23R may be a risk factor for PTB in Chinese Uygurs.</p>
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Asian People , Ethnology , Genetics , Case-Control Studies , China , Ethnology , DNA Copy Number Variations , Exons , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Ethnology , Receptors, Interleukin , Genetics , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary , Ethnology , GeneticsABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the prevalence rate of ovine hepatic cystic echinococcosis (HCE) in sheep in Quaker Wusu area of Bayinbuluke of Xinjiang by ultrasonography and provide evidence for the prevention and control of HCE in sheep.Methods The prevalence screening of HCE in sheep was conducted based on ultrasound images in this area in July 2014.The sheep were divided into different groups by dental age to calculate the age specific prevalence rate of HCE and analyzed the correlation between the dental age and the prevalence rate.Results The total prevalence rate of HCE in sheep in this area was 36.9％.The prevalence rates of none-calcified HCE and calcified HCE were 7.3％ and 29.6％,respectively.The prevalence rates of none-calcified HCE in different age groups were 1.2％ (1-2 years old),1.4％ (2-3 years old),14.0％ (3-4 years old),10.0％ (4-5 years old),15.6％(5-6 years old) and 4.2％(＞6 years old) respectively.The prevalence rate of calcified HCE in different age groups were 9.9％(1-2 years old),16.2％ (2-3 years old),31.6％(3-4 years old),47.8％(4-5 years old),42.2％(5-6 years old) and 41.7％(＞6 years old) respectively.The prevalence rate of HCE in 1-2 years old group was lower than those in other groups,the prevalence rate of HCE in age groups ＞3 years increased significantly.There was positive correlation between the prevalence rate of HCE and dental age (r=0.372,R2=0.107,F=44.176,P=0.000).Conclusion HCE is highly endemic in Quaker Wusu area.The prevalence rate of HCE is low in sheep with young age and high in sheep aged 3-4 years.It is necessary to conduct early prevention of HCE in sheep in this area.
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Objective To understand the performance of echinococcosis chemotherapy in echinococcosis endemic areas in Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region (Xinjiang).Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University,Hoboksar Mongolia autonomous county,Ermin and Yumin counties from April to June in 2013.Results A total of 329 echinococcosis patients were surveyed,and chemotherapy was provided according to WHO echinococcosis treatment recommendation,the standard treatment rate was and non-standardized medication was 49.2％ (162/329) and 50.8％ (167/329),respectively.Conclusion It is necessary to standardize the chemotherapy of echinococcosis in some echinococcosis endemic areas in Xinjiang.The comprehensive prevention and treatment include standardized diagnosis,surgical treatment and chemotherapy as well as follow up for individualized treatment.
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The main impacting factors on implementing clinical pathway were analyzed by applying fishbone diagram.The factors include policy factors,organizational factors and personal factors.It was suggested to improve the trial work of implementing clinical pathway management by reforming the medical care payment system,putting the clinical pathway management into the evaluation system,building up medical information system,putting more efforts on promotion and enhancing cooperation among related departments.
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To isolate the specific genes in protoscoleses (PSC) of Echinococcus granulosus under oxidative stresses from the SSH library constructed in the previous study, the gene expression in PSC under oxidative stresses was studied by using real-time PCR. The previously amplified library was sequenced and analyzed in GenBank with Blast research. Sequence analysis indicated that all clones in the SSH library contained the coding sequences, of which some clones showed homology in the GenBank and others were unknown. Differential expression of 4 genes randomly selected and the TPx gene in this library were studied with real-time PCR. It was demonstrated that the gene expression of S88 and H32-1 in oxidative tissues was 2.0 and 2.3 times higher than the un-oxidative stresses respectively. The TPx gene was up-regulated when PSC was induced with H_2H_2 of more than 0.8 mmol/L. These results implies that the up-regulated expression of the above-mentioned genes may be related with the related functions of anti-oxidative process in PSC and they may be used as the candidate genes for the study of anti-oxidation of E.granulosus.