ABSTRACT
Objective To examine the relationships between a number of potential risk or protective factors and the risk of depression and anxiety among a population of adolescent elite athletes in Guangzhou city. Methods A whole sample was consisted of 520 students,and the information of their age,gender,characteristics and others was investigated. Anxiety and depression were assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scales(HADS). Data were analyzed using multiple stepwise regression analysis. Results After adjusting for other variables,students who had a high risk of anxiety were underweight (sβ =2.482) when compared to those who were of normal weight. Reduced risk of anxiety was associated with older students ( sβ = 4. 365), students with moderate educated mothersβ=3. 153) , and students who perceived very high pressure from teachers/coaches (sβ=5.372). A significant increase in the risk of depression was associated with variables including: students aged between 15 and 16 years(sβ =3.367) ,students who had a family history of chronic diseases (sβ =2.765) , and poor overall support(sβ = 4.365). Reduced risk of depression was associated with students with moderate educated mothers( sβ = 6.764) and students who perceived very high pressure from teachers/coaches(sβ = 4. 167). Conclusion Various risk and protective factors have been identified for anxiety and depression. These results have direct implications on the development of appropriate preventive strategies for mental problems among young elite athletes.
ABSTRACT
Objective To observe the effect of fluoxetine on the single prolonged stress model which mimic the post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Methods Rats receiving single prolonged stress (SPS) (2 h restraint + 20 min FST + anaesthesized to lose consciousness with ethylether) or not were given fluoxetine or tap water for 15 days. Elevated plus maze(EPM),open-field test(OF) and morris water maze(MWM) tests were used to evaluate rats' fear response to environment,high alertness,anxiety & depression behavior,and learning and memory ability. Results In open field test, group of fluoxetine(F1 (8895. 85 ± 599. 78) mm, (40. 23 ±4. 32) s;F2 (8654.07 ±866.05)mm,(41.57 ±4.34)s, P<0.05) showed significant increase in activity times and horizontal motion distance compared with group of SPS (4678.85 ±495.33)mm, (22.15 ±3.43)s, P<0.05). In EPM experiment,group of fluoxetine(F1 (32. 62 ± 4. 57)% , (17. 58 ± 3. 23)% ; F2 (39. 75 ± 4. 46)% , (19. 74 ± 4.44) %) showed significant increase in percentage of the open-arm into the maze and percentage of the open arm pause compared with group of SPS ((23.67 ±2. 87)% ,(12.46 ±2.55)% , P<0.05). In MWM experiment,the escape latency of the SPS group increased significantly in comparison to that in sham group (P<0.01) and fluoxetine group. Fluoxetine significantly reversed the SPS-induced decrease in time spent in the target quadrant (P< 0.05). Conclusion Added fluoxetine can obviously improve rats' fear response to environment ,high alertness ,anxiety & depression behavior as well as learning and memory ability.