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Ergothioneine is a multifunctional physiological cytoprotector, with broad application in foods, beverage, medicine, cosmetics and so on. Biosynthesis is an increasingly favored method in the production of ergothioneine. This paper summarizes the new progress in the identification of key pathways, the mining of key enzymes, and the development of natural edible mushroom species and high-yield engineering strains for ergothioneine biosynthesis in recent years. Through this review, we aim to reveal the molecular mechanism of ergothioneine biosynthesis and then employ the methods of fermentation engineering, metabolic engineering, and synthetic biology to greatly increase the yield of ergothioneine.
Subject(s)
Antioxidants , Ergothioneine/metabolism , Fermentation , Metabolic EngineeringABSTRACT
Department of Regenerative Medicine of Tongji University School of Medicine intro-duced the standardized question library construction-based separation of teaching from testing system into integrated life science course. By establishing the question library, professional teachers in the assessment center are responsible for making and correcting test papers of final exam for students. In addition to the separation of teaching and testing, regular quiz during the semester is also involved in the final grades of students. The results show that high-quality question library effectively promotes implementation of separation of teaching from testing. The question library construction is a dynamic and long-term task that requires real-time updates along with knowledge updates. This preliminary practice of separation of teaching from testing system in the integrated life sciences curriculum has proved to be useful for improving teaching style and the style of study significantly.
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Through the excellent experiment of cardiovascular system in pathology, the prac-tice of the teaching reform was carried out such as combining flow model with real specimens, digital sections with light microscope slides, inserting the use of special staining experiments in combination with digital medical image analysis and the simulation of cardiovascular clinical pathological case dis-cussions. Linking theory with experiment teaching and experiment teaching with clinical practice was focused on, which not only stimulated students' interest in learning and their exploring thinking and hands-on ability, but also promoted them to obtain good learning effect, thus improving the teaching quality.
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Objective:To investigate the expression of metastatic suppressor Kangai 1(KAI1) expression in the primary gallbladder carcinoma and its clinical significance.Methods: The clinical stages of 35 primary gallbladder carcinoma patients were determined according to the TNM criteria of International Union Against Cancer(UICC).Histopathologic changes and the expressions of KAI1 were detected by H-E and immunohistochemical methods,respectively.All the patients were followed up for 3 years.Results: It was found that 1 patient had carcinoma in situ(0 stage),13 had early carcinoma(Ⅰ-Ⅱ stage),and 21 had intermediate or advanced carcinoma(Ⅲ-Ⅳ stage).Histopathologic grading showed that 14 patients had well-differentiated carcinomas,10 had moderately differentiated ones,and 11 had poorly differentiated ones.Immunohistochemical results revealed that 60.00%(21/35) of the patients were positive of KAI1,with the positive rate being 92.31%(12/13) in early carcinoma(Ⅰ-Ⅱ stage) and 42.86%(9/21) in intermediate and advanced carcinoma(Ⅲ-Ⅳ stage),and the former was significantly higher than the latter(P_(exact)=0.00 476).The positive rate of KAI1 protein was negatively correlated with the clinical staging of patients(P_(trend)=0.004) and positively correlated with histopathologic grading(P_(trend)=0.001).The positive rate of KAI1 protein in well differentiated carcinoma was 92.86%(13/14),in moderately differentiated carcinoma was 60.00%(6/10),and in poorly differentiated carcinoma was 18.18%(2/11)(P_(exact)=0.000 475 between the 3 groups).The positive rate of KAI1 protein was 89.47%(17/19) in 19 survival patients and 25.00%(4/16) in 16 death cases.Obvious significance of the expression of KAI1 protein was found between the 2 groups(P=0.001).Conclusion: The positive rate of KAI1 is negatively correlated with the clinical staging but positively correlated with the histopathologic grading in patients with primary gallbladder carcinoma.The high expression of KAI1 genes may indicate a better prognosis of gallbladder carcinoma.
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0.05). In RAC group, the Na +,K + ATPase activity of the left kidney decreased compared with that of the right kidney (1.96?0.42 vs 5.33?0.77, P