ABSTRACT
Objective:To evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of oolong tea ethanol extract (OTEE) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on lipopolysaccharide-induced murine macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7).Methods:A cytotoxic assay using MTS tetrazolium was conducted to find a nontoxic level of OTEE and EGCG toward RAW 264.7 cells.Interleukins (IL-6,IL-1β),tumor necrosis factor-tα (TNF-α),and cyclooxigenase-2 (COX-2) levels were measured by ELISA,and nitric oxide (NO) levels measured by a nitrate/nitrite colorirnetric assay to determine the inhibition activity of OTEE and EGCG.Results:Lipopolysaccharide induction increases NO,COX-2,IL-6,IL-1β,and TNF-α levels compared with the untreated cell (negative control).The positive control,lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 without treatments showed the highest level of all pro-inflammatory cytokines and modulators tested in this study.The positive control was used as standard to obtain OTEE and EGCG inhibition activity toward NO,COX-2,IL-6,IL-1 β,and TNF-α.OTEE had a higher inhibition activity toward NO,COX-2,IL-6,and IL-1 β than EGCG;the reverse was seen for TNF-α.However,both OTEE and EGCG suppressed production of NO,COX-2,IL-6,IL-1β,and TNF-α.Conclusions:OTEE and EGCG have the potential for use as anti-inflammatory drugs,which is shown by their ability to reduce the production of NO,COX-2,IL-6,IL-1β,and TNF-α in active macrophages.
ABSTRACT
Background: Inflammation is one of an important biological response toward injury. Cytokine and mediator are produced by macrophage during the inflammatory process. Anti-inflammatory is important to treat the dangerous of chronic inflammation associated with chronic disease. Various plants and their derived compounds have been used in the treatment of inflammation including Myristica fragrans. The present study was designed to determine anti-inflammatory potential of M. fragrans seed (Nutmeg) ethanolic extract and pure quercetin extract from M. fragrans on LPS stimulated-murine macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7). Methods: Cell viability assay to evaluate the non toxic concentration in cell line was performed by MTS assay. The anti-inflammatory potential was assayed through the inhibitory activity of M. fragrans seed extract and quercetin on NO, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β production. Results: The lowest cytotoxic activity and safe substance on RAW 264.7 cell were 50 and 10 μg/mL concentration of the M. fragrans seed ethanolic extract and quercetin compound. M. fragrans dose-dependently inhibited NO, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β production on LPS stimulated-RAW 264.7. The 50 μg/mL of M. fragrans seed ethanolic extract showed the highest TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and nitrite-associated with NO inhibitory activity. Conclusions: This research suggested that M. fragrans seed extract and quercetin compound possess the anti-inflammatory potential showed through the inhibition of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and NO secretion.
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Background: Adipocytes accumulate triacylglycerol when excessive food consumption. Adipocyte dysfunction plays an important role in the obesity development. People with a body weight 40 % heavier than the average body weight population at risk of death two times greater than the average body weight. The use of anti-obesity drugs have many side effects, so it is necessary to find the anti-obesity drug with low toxicity. This ex vivo study was conducted to determine the activity of C. longa L. extract in inhibiting triglycerides and cholesterol synthesis and lipid droplet formation on HepG2 cells compared to curcumin. Methods: Anti-obesity activity includes reduced formation of lipid droplet in HepG2 cells can be observed using oil red O staining method. The measurement of triglyceride level was performed according to Randox protocol using Randox TR 210 assay kit. Lipolytic activity by measuring cholesterol levels was performed based on Randox CH 200 kits. Results: This study suggested that the extract of C. longa L. and curcumin have potential anti-obesity compounds. C. longa L. extract have higher activity in inhibiting triglycerides and cholesterol synthesis compared to curcumin with inhibition activities 70.43% and 66.38% respectively in the highest concentration. Conclusion: The C. longa extract posses the anti-adipogenesis potential on inhibiting the synthesis of triglycerides and cholesterol and lipid droplet formation in HepG2 cell as anti-obesity parameters better than curcumin.
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Aims: This research was performed to evaluate the antioxidant and anti malarial activities of various catechins including catechin (C), epicatechin (EC), catechin-gallate (CG), gallocatechingallate (GCG), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin-gallate (ECG), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Study Design: The antioxidant activity was measured by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity and anti-malarial activity was determined by In vitro assay against P. falciparum culture, antioxidant activity was analyzed using linear regression analysis, and was continued by determining Inhibitory Concentration 50 (IC50). The anti-malarial activity was analyzed by probit analysis and IC50 determination. Place and Duration of Study: Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Maranatha Christian University, Bandung. Pharmacognicy Laboratory, Airlangga University, Surabaya. Biomolecular and Biomedical Research Center, Aretha Medika Utama, Bandung, Indonesia from March 2013 to October 2013. Results: The results showed that EC has the highest antioxidant activity with IC50 = 0.41μg/ml while ECG and GCG with IC50 = 0.52 μg/ml. For anti-malarial activity, CG has the highest anti malarial activity (IC50 = 0.37 μM). Conclusion: Catechins have high antioxidant activity and CG has highest anti-malarial activity.