ABSTRACT
Analysis of correlations between the three-dimensional values of foramina seenfrom external basal surface of the middle cranial fossa,and their three-dimensionalvalues with the metrical figures of the foramen ovale in 4 major subtypes of theskull were carried out in 100 male adult skulls collected from Shanghai vicinity.Thecephalometric observations of foramen ovale including linear and angular measure-ments had been reported previously in part one of this study.The data obtained inthe present paper showed that significant correlation existed only in some itemsamong our analysis.These involve the angle between the sagital plane and the longdiameter of the foramen ovale and the foramen spinosum preferentially.Furthermore,the left side revealed to be more concerned.According to the results obtained totally from our studies together With those ofothers,it seemed to us that the foramina on external basal surface of the middlecranial fossa would not be considered as symmetrically positioned.Therefore,it isreasonable to conclude that certain aspects of asymmetry in human skull do existvirtually,in accordance with the mechanical influence of the masticatory apparatusfrom the different side and the morphological asymmetries of the human beings,inc-luding the vascular or nerve structures passing through these foramina are concerned.Some practical considerations of our results are commented and suggested.
ABSTRACT
The morphometric value of the anterior cranial fossa has previously been poorly documented. There is also an absence of information about the asymmetry between the two halves of this fossa. In a series of 100 Chinese adult cranial bases at random, distances from each selected osseous point to a particular plane or distances between osseous points were measured, All these points, except the frontozygomatic point only, are endocranially situated, and data on 17 variables were available for statistical analysis. As a result, the right half shows some greater sagittal values than that of the left, and the width from the frontozygomatic point to the median sagittal plane is greater on the right half than that on the left, the differences are statistically significant or highly significant. Moreover, more of the sagittal measurements on the right side Correlate significantly with the right-left measurements. Accordingly, the two halves of the anterior cranial fossa is asymmetrically designed. Problems relating to the line of demarcation between the median portion of the anterior and middle cranial fossae, as well as the possible eraniocerebrum relationship and clinical considerations are discussed.
ABSTRACT
Fifty adult cadavers have been dissected bilateraly. Judged from our anatomical study, the site of division of the radial nerve into its superficial terminal and posterior interosseous branches is above the lateral humeral epicondyle in 96％. Usually, the brachialis, brachioradialis, and extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis all receive several muscular branches, which stem from different portions of the radial nerve. Muscular branch for ECRB arising from the superficial radial nerve of one side amounts to 25％.Two arcades are found to be situated along the radial side of the anterior cubital region, one being formed from the proximal tendinous margin of the ECRB muscle, and the other from the proximal edge of the superficial portion of the supinator. The lateral half of the ECRB arch, which covers that of the supinator arch, is definite and sharp and is crossed by the posterior interosseous nerve (PIN) obliquely. Its medial half coincides with the corresponding half of the supinator arch, but occassionally they may fuse together. The supinator arch may be divided into loop or circular types, with its longitudinal and transverse diameters of nearly 1～1.2 cm. Those which are tendinous in nature (arcade of Frohse)amount to 18％.There are 28 sides of PIN being compressed by the ECRB arch during passive supination, while 18 sides by the supinator arch (Frohse' arch in 2) during passive pronation. For this reason, in addition to their close relationship and position on the radial side, they are preferred to be combined and named as the cubital radial arch.
ABSTRACT
A morphometric study of the Superior border of the patrons temporal bone was made in a series of 100 Chinese adult cranial bases at random, data on 17 variables were available for statistical analysis. Of the 14 metric variables (11 linear and 3 angular) studied, a greater proportion of significant differences was found between the right-left sides, among these the followings are worth noting.The tendency to a higher level of the medial extremity of the superior border on the right side is statistically significant (df=99, t=2.14, P
ABSTRACT
A morphometric study of the lateral portion of the middle cranial fossa was made in a series of 100 Chinese adult skulls at random. Variables studied, 15 in sum, including the depth, the sagittal and transverse measurements, and distances between the endocranially situated osseous points about the fossa. Each sagittal measurement represents approximately the antero-posterior distance of the medial, middle and lateral third of the fossa respectively, and each transverse measurement represents roughly the transverse distance of the anterior, middle and posterior third respectively.Statistical analysis revealed that the metric values on the right middle fossa were greater in all measurements, except S3, and a greater proportion of significant differences was found between the right-left portions. Also. in an analysis of correlations between the depth, the sagittal and transverse measurements, those of the right sided fossa correlated more frequently and more significantly than that of the left. From these results, it is reasonable to conclude that asymmetry in the lateral portions of the middle cranial fossa does exist virtually, the right being the larger.Some theoretical and practical considerations of our results are commented and suggested.
ABSTRACT
A general and three dimensional survey about the location of foramen ovale, foramen spinosum and sphenoidal emissary foramen on both sides of norma basilaris of the fossa cranialis media has been made in 100 male adult skulls collected from Shanghai region, and the following conclusions are arrived:1. The foramen ovale which is located in line with the base of lateral pterygoid plate accounts for 39.5?3.46% of cases observed, and those medial and lateral to it, accounts for 57.0?3.50% and 3.50?1.30% respectively. In this respect, the skulls can be classified into two main types and eight subtypes.2. The distance from Foramen ovale to Foramen spinosum measures 3.28?0.09 mm, and from Foramen ovale to sphenoidal emissary foramen 2.23?0.11 mm.3. The frequency of occurrence of the sphenoidal emissary foramen is 42.5% in 200 sides (40% to the left and 45% to the right), and in 28% of the 100 skulls this foramen occurs bilaterally.4. The long diameter of foramen ovale ranges from 3.8 to 12.0 mm, with 7.21?0.08 mm as the average, side difference is not significant statistically in the 4 major subtypes. The angle between this same long diameter and the sagittal plane running through theintermaxillary suture varies from 39? to 85?, with a mean of 55.08??0.61?; and again, no significant side-difference can be found.The average width of foramen ovale is 3.85?0.05 mm (2.3～6.5 mm); and significant side-difference exists between types Ⅰ_A and Ⅱ_A, the difference is more prominant on the left side than on the right. 5. In spite of the side difference of the three dimensional values of all the three foramina being insignificant statistically in most subtypes, the following instances, however, are worth noting: (1) right foramen ovale in Ⅰ_A and Ⅱ_A subtypes locates further away form the frontal plane which traverses the prosthion than the corresponding froamin on the left side (t=3.70, P
ABSTRACT
The mode of connection of the ventral extremity of the tenth rib fails into two different categories, the floating and the costomarginal, as demonstrated by our studies on 100 consecutive Chinese adult cadavers (50 male, 50 female). Each category again consists of two varieties, i. e., the muscular and stripe types in the floating pattern and the fibrous and articular types in the costo-marginal pattern.The floating pattern occurs bilaterally in 72 cases (72.0?4.49％; 31 male, 41 female) and unilaterally in 12 cases (12.0?3.25％, 10 male, 2 female). It thus shows significantly greater frequencies than the costo-marginal pattern on either side, being more frequent in female cases. In those tenth ribs with anterior end not exceeding the anterior axillary line, the floating pattern amounts to 91.52％. It is also found that in the female the anterior ends of the bilaterally floating tenth ribs generally do not reach the anterior axillary line, and again in this pattern, those with the twelfth rib not palpable to the lateral border of the m. erector spinae arrive at 35.41％. The sternal (manubrium-body) length in the female bilaterally floating pattern has significant differences statistically between those with the twelfth ribs palpable and those without.The costo-marginal pattern accounts for 16 cases (16.0?3.67％; 9 male, 7 female) bilaterally and 12 cases (12.0?3.25％; 10 male, 2 female) unilaterally. The great majority is of the fibrous type, except two sides (1 male, 1 female) being the articular one. Most of the costo-marginal tenth rib have their anterior ends extending beyond the anterior axillary line; furthermore, the twelfth rib may always be touched to the lateral border of the m. erector spinae in this pattern.It is our opinion that the floating pattern may be treated as the normal mode of connection, its occurrence can be rooted to the phylogenetic and ontogenetic backgrounds as well as to the respiratory movements.