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Physical fitness is the basic ability necessary to meet daily living activities,including walking, running, jumping, throwing, climbing, and so on. Adequate physical fitness is essential for the prevention and management of metabolic diseases. Impaired physical fitness is common in patients with diabetes mellitus and its chronic complications. This article reviews the impact of diabetes and its complications on physical fitness, current methods for assessment and management to provide a reference for comprehensive prevention and treatment of diabetic patients.
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Objective:To analyze changes in nutritional status and immune function of elderly men receiving regular physical examinations, and to investigate the effects of aging on the nutritional status and immune function among elderly men.Methods:A total of 209 elderly men aged 60-101(72.9±11.5)years and receiving regular physical check-ups were enrolled.All research subjects were subjected to nutritional risk screening(NRS2002)and monitoring of nutrition and immune-related indicators, including routine blood work, blood biochemistry, immunoglobulin and T lymphocyte subsets.Results:Body weight, body mass index, hemoglobin, total protein, albumin and serum iron of elderly men decreased with age( F=21.754, 6.257, 47.528, 12.285, 18.397, 18.667, all P<0.001), with those aged 80 and above showing more significant decline and a greater proportion with malnutrition( χ2=77.134, P<0.001). The B lymphocyte counts of elderly men aged 80 and above were significantly lower( P<0.05)while serum IgA and IgG levels were significantly higher( F=3.110, 3.866, P=0.047, 0.022)than those of the 70-79 year old group.In addition, the B lymphocyte count and B lymphocyte ratio in malnourished elderly men were significantly lower( t=2.512, 2.874, P=0.013, 0.005), and IgA was significantly increased( t=2.513, P=0.017), compared with those with normal nutrition. Conclusions:The risk of malnutrition and reduced immune function among elderly men aged 80 years and above is significantly increased, and assessment and screening of the risk of malnutrition in the elderly should be stressed.
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Objective To examine the effect of aerobic exercise training on plasma metabolites in pre-diabetes mellitus(PDM)subjects.Methods Twenty-five PDM subjects were selected,and each 10 age-and sex-matched with normoglycemia and new-onset T2DM subjects were enrolled.PDM subjects underwent aerobic exercise(n=13)or health education (n=12) for 12 weeks.The aerobic exercise was con ducted 3 times/week,50 min/time at 40％-60％ of oxygen uptake reserve.Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS)was used to analyze the spectrum of plasma metabolites.Principal component analysis was employed to study the differences in plasma metabolite profiles between subjects with different glycemic level and between PDM subjects before and after aerobic exercise.Results After training,the body fat percentage,2-hour plasma glucose,and low density lipoprotein cholesterol of PDM subjects reduced significantly(by 4.6％,16.22％ and 9.27％ on average).Comparison of plasma metabolizers in PDM subjects before and after exercise revealed 31 differential metabolites,with 25 metabolites such as phosphatidylcholine,lysophosphatidylcholines,sphingomyelin and betaine increasing,and 6 metabolites,such as oleic acid and cytosine decreasing.Conclusion Aerobic exercise has a marked effect on the plasma metabolites in PDM subjects.Phosphatidylcholine,lysophosphatidylcholines,sphingomyelin and oleic acid may be the potential biomarkers of aerobic exercise improving the glycolipid metabolism in PDM subjects.These findings can help us better understand the mechanism of aerobic exercise preventing T2DM diabetes.
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Objective To explore the utility of different body composition for the prediction of myocardial ischemia in exercise in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Methods T2DM outpatients were selected from Jul. 2013 to Nov. 2014 (male 83, female 57) to measure body composition and clinical biochemical parameters, and divided them into two groups according to treadmill exercise testing results. Group A cases were positive (27 patients) and Group B cases were negative (113 patients). SPSS19.0 was used to make statistical analysis. Results (1) The age, gender, diabetes mellitus (DM) duration, medical history of hypertension and dyslipidemia, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, the waist-hip fat ratio of the two groups had no significant difference (P>0.05). (2) The fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) between the two groups had no significant difference. Compared with group B, the low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) of group A [(2.48 ± 0.75) mmol/L vs. (2.81 ± 0.77) mmol/L, t=2.009, P<0.05] decreased significantly. (3) Overall body fat percentage, skeletal muscle weight of the two groups had no significant difference. Compared with group B, the waist-hip fat ratio (0.93±0.06 vs. 0.88±0.08, t=-2.790, P<0.01) andvisceral fat area [(99.47 ± 32.84) cm2 vs. (81.10 ± 25.47) cm2, t=-2.822, P<0.01] of group A increased significantly, while this difference mainly existed in male patients visceral fat area [(100.99±39.33) cm2 vs. (79.91 ± 27.09) cm2, t=-2.231, P<0.05], and waist-hip fat ratio was different in female patients of the two groups (0.91±0.06 vs. 0.85±0.09, t=-2.043, P<0.05) . Conclusion Abdominal obesity, especially visceral fat accumulation had close correlation with myocardial ischemia in exercise in T2DM patients. Waist-hip fat ratio and visceral fat area may be more effective indicators of myocardial ischemia in exercise in T 2DM patients than BMI.
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Objective To explore the effects of diet and/or exercise intervention on oxidative stress of overweight or obese adolescents.Methods Thirty-one adolescents with normal body weight(normal control group)and 93 overweight or obese adolescents(average age(13.6 ±0.7)years; body mass index (BMI)22.4 to 34.1 kg/m2)were enrolled in this study.The overweight or obese participants were then randomly assigned to the diet group(group A),exercise group(group B),diet plus exercise group(group C),and non-intervention group(group D).Individualized caloric intake was carried out.One-hour afterschool exercise was performed once per day,4 days per week for 10 weeks.Changes of anthropometry,body composition,and metabolic biomarkers were determined.Results Compared to the normal control group,serum levels of fasting glucose,total cholesterol(TC),low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C),and malondialdehyde(M DA)of the in overweight group were significant increased(all P ＜ 0.05),although the level of SOD was significant decreased(P ＜ 0.05).Serum MDA level was positively correlated with bodyweight,BMI,TC,and LDL-C(R values were 0.209,0.228,0.274,and 0.263,respectively ; all P ＜0.05),and serum SOD level was negatively correlated with bodyweight and BMI(R values were-0.334 and-0.362,respectively ; both P ＜ 0.05).Group A,B and C showed a significant decrease in BMI,waist circumference and body fat after the intervention(all P ＜ 0.05).The level of MDA was significantly decreased after the intervention in group A and B(both P ＜ 0.05); the levels of TC and LDL-C were significantly decreased in group B and C(both P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion:Oxidative stress could have existed in overweight adolescents even when their serum glucose and lipid profiles are at a normal level.Ten-week diet and/or exercise intervention may contribute to improved body weight control,lipid metabolism,and oxidative stress response in this population.
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Objective: To investigate the sensitization of physiological (10~(-9)mol/L) and pharmacological (10~(-5)mol/L) concentrations of melatonin on cell line MCF-7 for adriamycin and its mechanism. Methods: (1) MTT was applied to test the changes in inhibition ratio and IC_(50) of call line MCF-7 for adriamycin before and af-ter incubation with melatonin. (2) Flow cytometry was used to observe the effect of different concentrations of melatonin, adriamycin and melatonin plus adriamycin on cell apoptosis. (3) Western blot was employed to de-termine the expression of p53 and bcl-2 in MCF-7 cells incubated with melatonin, adriamycin and melatonin plus adriamycin. Results: (1) MTT method showed that adriamycin had inhibitive effect on the growth of MCF-7 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The IC_(50) of cell line MCF-7 for adnamycin before treat-ment with melatonin was 0.62±0.07ug/mL (P>0.05). The IC50 of cell line MCF-7 for adriamycin incubated with physiological and pharmacological concentrations of melatonin was 0.59±0.09ug/mL and 0.42±0.02ug/mL, re-spectively, with a significant difference (P<0.01). (2) Flow cytometry method showed that adriamycin could promote apoptosis of MCF-7, and no changes in the apoptosis index were observed as the concentration of melatonin was changed (P>0.05). With the same concentration of adriamycin, the apoptosis index of cells treated with physiological concentration of melatonin plus adriamycin was not changed (P=>0.05), but the apop-tosis index of cells treated with pharmacological concentrations of melatonin plus addamycin was increased significantly. The concentration of adriamycin had no effect on the apoptosis index. (3) Western blot showed that P53 protein was expressed at a lower level and bcl-2 protein was highly expressed. Physiological concen-trations of melatonin increased the expression of p53 and decreased bcl-2 expression in a dose - dependent manner. The concentration of addamycin had no effect on the expression of p53 and bcl-2 proteins. Conclu-sion: (1) Physiological concentrations of melatonin had no effect on the anti-cancer effect of adriamycin. Phar-macological concentrations of melatonin showed sensitization of MCF-7 cells for adriamycin. (2) With a lower concentration of adriamycin, the promotion of apoptosis may be part of the mechanism of sensitization effect of melatonin. With the increase of adriamycin concentration, the cytotoxic mechanism of melotonin became more and more important. (3) Physiological concentration could increase the expression of p53 and decrease bcl-2 expression in ER~+ breast carcinoma cell line MCF-7 in a dose -dependent manner. The apoptosis involv-ing p53 and bcl-2 passway was part of the mechanism of sensitization effect of melatonin for addamycin.