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Objective:To investigate the differences of Ego Impairment Index (EII)of Rorschach test be-tween patients with schizophrenia and normal individuals.Methods:Totally 60 patients with schizophrenia (17-53 years old)meeting the criteria of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) and 60 age-and gender-matched normal subjects were involved in this study.The Rorschach ink blots test was used in both patients and normal subjects.The Ego Impairment Index (EII)of all the participants were calculated on the basis of their responses to the Rorschach ink blots test.The EII and the subcomponents of it (including distorted form quality,weighted sum of cognitive processing errors,distorted perceptions of human movement,critical con-tent,good human representation,and poor human representation)of the two samples were compared to explore EII's discrimination to patients and normal individuals.Results:The score of EII [(0.7 ± 1.7 )vs. (-0.9 ± 0.9 )],distorted form quality [(6.2 ± 2.3 )vs. (3.4 ± 2.6 )],weighted sum of cognitive processing errors [(14.0 ±6.5)vs.(7.2 ±4.2)],distorted perceptions of human movement [(0.7 ±1.2)vs.(0.3 ±0.7)], and poor human representation [(3.1 ±2.7)vs.(1.8 ±1.8)]were higher in patients than in normal participants (Ps0.05 ).The result of Diagnostic Test showed that when EII equaling to -0.5 ,the sensitivity,specificity,and Youden Index of it to distinguish patients from normal individuals were 0.9 1 ,0.75 ,and 0.66 respectively.Conclusion:It suggests that the ego functions of patients with schizophrenia have become serious damage compared with normal individuals.The EII of Rorschach test has high sensitivity while relatively low speci-ficity in discriminating patients with schizophrenia,which needs to be further perfected.
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Objective:To develop a Child School Refusal Behavior Rating Scale(SRBQC)and examine its reliabilities and validities. Methods:Based on literature review,interview,and open-ended questionnaire,124 origi-nal items were developed. Totally 573 students were recruited to complete the test version. After item and explorato-ry factor analysis,the formal scale-SRBQC was got. Totally 946 students were tested with formal version for further confirmatory factor analysis,internal consistency reliability and composite reliability. The criterion validity was test-ed with the Social Anxiety Scale for Child (SASC). Totally 41 students were retested for test-retest reliability with 2 weeks interval. Results:The formal version of SRBQC included 19 items. Exploratory factor analysis generated 5 factors which account 59. 793% of the variance in all,the results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that SR-BQC had a good construct validity (χ2 =329. 51,df=142,χ2/df=2. 32,CFI=0. 97,GFI=0. 93,IFI=0. 97,NFI=0. 95,NNFI=0. 96,RMSEA=0. 05,SRMR=0. 05). The SRBQC scores were positively correlated with the SASC scores (r=0. 18-0. 34,Ps<0. 05 ). The Cronbach coefficients were 0. 87 for the total questionnaire and 0. 55 -0. 78 for the 5 factors. The test-retest reliabilities were 0. 84 for the total questionnaire and 0. 66 -0. 78 for the 5 factors. Conclusion:The reliability and validity of the School Refusal Bevior Questionaire for Children(SRBQC) meet the needs of psychometrics.
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Objective To investigate the relationship between coping resources and the quality of life of paraplegics.Methods Fifty-six paraplegic individuals were recruited to complete a set of self-assessment questionnaires:the Generic Quality of Life Inventory,the Life Events Questionnaire,the Fighting Spirit and Helplessness subscales of the Hopelessness in Mental Adjustment to Cancer Scale and Folkman's Ways of Coping Questionnaire.Their answers were used to assess the impact of paraplegia on the activities of daily living,the patients' understanding about paraplegia and their coping strategies.Stepwise multiple regression analysis was conducted to explore how coping resources might predict quality of life.Results Quality of life was the outcome variable in the multiple regression analysis.Only negative life events and coping resources such as uncontrollable cognitive appraisal (helplessness and hopelessness),coping strategies (wishful thinking and seeking support) and support from social forces proved significant in predicting quality of life.Of all the factors,helplessness and hopelessness played the most important roles.Conclusions Coping resources and life events have a greater impact on the quality of life of paraplegics than paraplegia itself.Uncontrollable cognitive appraisals (helplessness and hopelessness) are the most important.Interventions minimizing uncontrolled cognitive appraisals of their condition will be the most effective in improving the quality of life of paraplegic patients.
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Objective: To investigate the relationship between somatization and childhood trauma. Methods: The subject was a woman suffering from somatization. The subject was interviewed for information related to medical history, resistance,transference and counter transference. The information was analyzed by using the method of the introspection, empathy, and psychoanalysis. Results: Several significant traumatic events were found in the subject's childhood, including the loss of her mother and being physically abused over a long period of time. As a result of the trauma, she suffered from fear of the separation and frequently indulged herself into excessive housework. She had serious repression, dissociation, panic attacks and other physiological stress reactions. As a grown-up, her major symptoms were somatization and panic attacks. The occurrence and aggravation of these symptoms were related to separation from family and overwork, which resemble to her early childhood experiences. The symptoms experienced were also similar to the past. Conclusion: Somatization may originate from physiological stress reactions related to physical abuse in childhood. The mechanisms of symptom formation involve repression of emotion, dissociation of the bodily reactions, secondary advantage and internalization of masochistic object relations.
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Objective To study the effect of RF catheter ablation of verapamil-sensitive idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia according to the re-entrant route mapped during electrophysiologic test. Methods 6 patients (4 male & 2 female) suffered from the ioliopathic left venticulan tachycondia (ILVT). After placing the catheter in the right ventricular apex and the coronary sinus, a radiofrequency (RF) catheter and a octapolar catheter (mapping catheter) with an interval of 2-8-2 min were introduced through the right and left femoral arteries. The mapping catheter recorded the His potential (HP), the left bundle potential (LBP), the left posterior fascicle Purkinje potential (PP) and V electrogram sequentially, PP was the first potential to be detected with the RF catheter during TV, we searched for the earliest PP recording site near the couple of electrodes of the mapping catheter recording PP and ablated it. Results In the first 3 cases, ablation didn′t have effect at sites recording the earliest V electrogram without PP and it was finally successful at the sites recording the earliest PP. Since the fourth case all patients needed only one application because ablation was carried out only at the site recorded the earliest PP. Patients have been followed for 6-20 months without antiarrhythmic drugs, and none of them has had a recurrence of VT. Conclusion The mapping on the left ventricular septum is not only important to study the reentrant route in ILVT, but also helpful for clinical treatment of ILVT. It shortens the operation time and minimizes injury of cardiac muscle due to noneffective ablation.