ABSTRACT
Laboratory-based pathogen isolation, identification, and toxicity determination were performed on samples from a suspected case of infant botulism. Mice injected with cultures generated from the enema sample and ingested Powered infant formula (PIF) presented typical signs of botulism. Antitoxins to polyvalent botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) and monovalent BoNT type B antitoxin had protective effects. Clostridium botulinum isolated from the enema and residual PIF samples were positive for type B toxin. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) revealed that the two strains of C. botulinum isolated from the two samples produced indistinguishable pulsotypes. These findings confirmed this case of type B infant botulism associated with the ingestion of PIF contaminated by type B C. botulinum spores.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Infant , Mice , Beijing , Epidemiology , Botulinum Toxins , Toxicity , Botulism , Diagnosis , Epidemiology , Clostridium botulinum , Gastrointestinal Tract , Microbiology , Toxicity TestsABSTRACT
Objective:To evaluate the impact and analyze the mechanism of separating drug sales from medical services reform on the total medical expenditure containment of outpatient services in Beijing. Methods:The monitoring data and historical data from 89 third-level,78 second-level public hospitals,and 206 primary health institutions and community health service agencies,which participated in the reform,were analysed to estimate the impacts on outpa-tient service utilization and service price. The analysis was based on the data of the first and second quarters of 2016 outpatient and emergency department fee changes,and analysis of service utilization and service price factors on the im-pact of changes in outpatient and emergency services mechanism. Results:The total outpatients'expenditure in Beijing in the second quarter of 2017 was 17.38 billion yuan,representing a slight decrease of 1.14% than the expenditure in 2016. The growth rate reduced by 2.46%. Expenditure in third-level and second-level hospitals decreased by 2.82% and 3.02%,respectively,with reductions in growth rates of 4.06% and 3.74% respectively. Expenditure in primary institutions increased by 17.09%. The increase rate in the second quarter of 2017 was 26.28%,representing a remark-able increase compared to the rate in 2016(15.84%). The contribution from the medical institution service prices and service utilization to the change of outpatient and emergency medical expenditure containment was 6.98% and -7. 65%,respectively. For third-level hospitals,the contribution was 10.37% and -12.00%,respectively;second-level hospitals were 0.72% and -3.35%,respectively;and the primary health institutions was 6.08% and 9.57%. Con-clusions:Beijing's comprehensive reform of separating drug sales from medical services reform has effectively controlled the rising medical expenditure of outpatient services,mainly by adjusting outpatients service utilization between differ-ent level healthcare institutions.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the possible effects of folate on cervical carcinogenesis and the interaction of folate and human papillomaviruses 16 (HPV16).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A hospital-based case-control study was conducted. 111 hospitalized cases who were pathologically diagnosed of having cervical cancer and 111 controls identified with hysteromyoma that frequency-matched to cases on age, birth place and residential area. A 60-item food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) were administered to estimate the consumption of dietary folate. HPV16 DNA in exfoliated cervical cell and serum folate were detected by special PCR and radioimmunoassay respectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>HPV16 infection rate in cases (61.26%) was significantly higher than that in controls (28.83%), with adjusted OR of 4.95(95% CI:2.49-9.83).The levels of dietary folate in cases (5.00 microg/kcal +/- 0.41 microg/kcal) were significantly lower than that in controls (5.14 microg/kcal +/- 0.35 microg/kcal), but the adjusted OR showing no statistical significance. However, serum folate in cases (1.79 ng/ml +/- 1.42 ng/ml) was significantly lower than that in controls(2.59 ng/ml +/- 2.81 ng/ml),and there were significantly increasing trend in the risk of cervical cancer with reducing level of serum folate (chi-squared trend test of P = 0.000). Meanwhile, low-level of serum folate and HPV16-infection showed significant interaction in the development of cervical cancer, with likelihood ratio test of G = 5.56, P = 0.02.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Results indicated that low levels of folate might increase the risk of cervical cancer, and potential synergistic action might exist between low level of serum folate and HPV16 in the development of cervical cancer.</p>
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Case-Control Studies , Diet , Folic Acid , Blood , Folic Acid Deficiency , Human papillomavirus 16 , Genetics , Papillomavirus Infections , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms , Blood , VirologyABSTRACT
The bioconversion of lignocellulosic materials for organic acid had great meaning to both economic and social benefit,owning to its renewable character,abundance and low price.In order to find out the key to the efficient utilization of lignocellulose,kinds of fermentation strategies to product organic acid(such as loctic acid,funaric acid)from lignocellulcsic were discussed,also the xylose metabolic pathway of Rhizopus sp.was extensively reviewed,and it find out that the low conversion of xylose was the bottle-block.