ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the prevention and clinical efficacy of combination of Liuwei Dihuang Pill (LDP) and Ginkgo Leaf Tablet (GLT) for early diabetic retinopathy (DR).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Using randomized, double-blind, double simulation, parallel controlled clinical trial, 140 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) outpatients were recruited and assigned to the treatment group and the control group, 70 in each group. All patients received basic Western medicine treatment (such as blood glucose and pressure control). Patients in the treatment group took LDP (8 pills each time, 3 times per day) and GLT (19.2 mg each time, 3 times per day), while those in the control group took LDP placebos and GLT placebos. All treatment lasted for 24 consecutive months. All subjects were followed-up every month. The general clinical data as sex, age, and metabolic data such as blood glucose, blood pressure, blood lipid, and DR prevalence rate were collected and statistically analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There was no significant difference in levels of blood glucose, blood pressure, or blood lipid between the two groups (P > 0.05). After treatment the DR incidence rate was significantly lower in the treatment group than in the control group [3.1% (2/64) vs 18.6% (11/59), P < 0.05)]. Meanwhile, the DR prevalence rate of the treatment group was also significantly lower than that of the control group [6.3% (4/64) vs 20.0% (13/59), P < 0.05].</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Combination of LDP and GLT could effectively prevent and treat the development of DR in T2DM patients.</p>
Subject(s)
Humans , Blood Glucose , Blood Pressure , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Diabetic Retinopathy , Drug Therapy , Double-Blind Method , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Therapeutic Uses , Ginkgo biloba , Chemistry , Phytotherapy , TabletsABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>This study aimed to investigate the possible role of Orphanin FQ (OFQ) in the regulation of hypo-thalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The method of push-pull perfusion and radioimmuno-assay (RIA) were adopted to examine the secretory profile of GnRH in the median eminence (ME) in freely moving ovari-ectomized (OVX) rats after intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of OFQ and/or [Nphe(1)]NC(1-13)NH(2) (NC13), a competitive antagonists of the opioid receptor-like 1 receptor (ORL1 receptor).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>GnRH release from ME significantly decreased from 40 min to 80 min after the administration of 20 and 200 nmol OFQ in OVX rats (P < 0.05). This inhibitory effect of 20 nmol OFQ could be abolished by pretreatment with equal dose of NC13. More interestingly, GnRH secretion from ME was increased markedly 60 min after icv injection of 100 and 200 nmol NC13 (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Our results suggested central administration of OFQ could inhibit the release of GnRH in the ME of hypothalamus through ORL1 receptor, providing further in vivo evidence supporting the role of OFQ in the control of GnRH secretion.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Rats , Analysis of Variance , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone , Metabolism , Median Eminence , Metabolism , Narcotic Antagonists , Opioid Peptides , Pharmacology , Ovariectomy , Methods , Peptide Fragments , Pharmacology , Radioimmunoassay , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Receptors, Opioid , Metabolism , Secretory Pathway , Vasodilator Agents , Pharmacology , Wakefulness , PhysiologyABSTRACT
<p><b>AIM AND METHODS</b>To investigate the role of modulation by angiotensin AT1 receptor in sodium and water excretion induced by cholinergic agonist carbachol. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity (TH-IR) in hypothalamus were also observed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The natriuretic and diuretic effect induced by carbachol (CBC) were partially inhibited by pretreatment of losartan, a specific blocker of angiotensin AT1 receptor (P < 0.05). Immunohistochemistry showed that both TH-IR density and number of TH-IR positive neurons were markedly increased in PaPo, Arc, Pe and AHP of hypothalamus at 40 min after carbachol administration, as compared with NS group (P < 0.05). However, in losartan pretreated group, the number and the density of TH-IR were significantly decreased in such nuclei mentioned above except PaPo.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The results above suggest that brain AT1 receptor appears to be involved in mediating natriuresis induced by cholinergic stimulus. The blockade of AT1 receptor may down regulate the excitability of adrenergic neurons in Arc, Pe and AHP induced by CBC. We postulate that brain adrenergic and angiotensinergic pathway get involved in natriuresis induced by brain cholinergic stimulus together. Moreover, angiotensinergic neurons may influence the activity of adrenergic neurons in hypothalamus.</p>