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Objective · To compare urine sample collection methods for measuring urinary concentrations of phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals including bisphenol A (BPA),triclosan (TCS),and 4-n-nonylphenol (4-n-NP) in pregnant women.Methods· Urine samples were collected from women at late pregnancy by two methods:urine catheter and collection bag (n=176),urine collecting containers made of polypropylene (PP) (n=642).Urinary concentrations of BPA,TCS and 4-n-NP were measured with high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS)method.Confirmation experiment used PP containers,urine catheter and collection bags,as well as low-density polyethylene (LDPE) tubes and glass containers as both negative controls to collect urine samples from each of the 5 women.Results · Geometric mean (GM) of urinary BPA concentration collected by urine catheter and collection bags was 82.5 ng/mL (95％ CI 71.4-95.4 ng/mL),which was 63 times higher than that from PP containers (GM 1.3 ng/mL;95％ CI 1.3-1.5 ng/mL).Concentrations of urinary 4-n-NP and creatinine were similar between two collection methods.Confirmation experiment showed that urinary BPA concentration collected by urine catheter and collection bags was much higher than those collected by other three methods.Conclusion· In collection of urine samples for measuring phenolic chemicals,PP urine collection container as well as LDPE containers are adequate for use in epidemiologic studies,but urine catheter and collection bag is not.
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Objective To observe the effects of different levels manganese (Mn) on spatial learning and memory in neonate rats.Methods Neonate rats were distributed to control (normal saline) and MnCl210,20,30mg/kg groups randomly.Each groups included 10 litters in a cage with a dam.Neonate rats were intraperitoneal injection exposed to MnCl2 over PND 1-21.All groups were evaluated behavioral performance using open field and Morris water maze.Blood and hippocampus Mn levels were determined using ICP-MS.Results 1) For each group,blood Mn were (35.58 ± 13.77) μg/L,(80.00 ± 12.98) μg/L,(238.51 ± 31.43) μg/L,(348.47 ±34.07) μg/L and hippocampus Mn were (576.82 ± 79.78) μg/g,(798.33 ± 40.60) μg/g,(1017.23 ± 117.23)μg/g,(1278.76 ± 281.48) μg/g respectively.Blood and hippocampus Mn concentrations in Mn-exposed groups were significant increased compared to control (P ＜ 0.01),and there was a positive correlation in blood Mn and hippocampus Mn(OR =0.91,95％ CI=0.81-0.96,P＜ 0.01).2) Therewere no significant differences on travelled distance in open field among all groups,which meant that Mn exposure had no effect on their locomotion.3) In the hidden platform trials of the Morris water maze test,only on 3rd day,Mn-expose groups spent more time to find the platform compared to the control(P ＜ 0.01).The average escape latency were(21.77 ± 7.10)s,(33.78 ± 9.95)s,(37.17 ± 13.68) s,(41.92 ± 16.74) s respectively.Though the latency were increased with the Mn exposure levels increasing among the Mn-expose groups,no statistically significant differences were observed.There were no statistically effects on latency to find the platform of all groups in other training days.The result in probe trails showed that there were no statistically effects on swimming velocity,the number of crossing over the former platform and the time spent in the targeted quadrant.Conclusion Mn exposure exerts effects on the learning,but no doseeffect relationship.There are no effects on memory of neonate rats of Mn exposure.
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Objective The effect of lead exposure on children is consistently associated with intellectual and other neurologic deficits.However the exact mechanism by which Pb~(2+) exerts toxic effects on developmental central nervous system remains unknown.Our group has found by gene-chip test that the expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5) mRNA was changed by lead exposure.The present study aimed to examine the effects of different level of lead exposure on the expression of mCluR5 in gestation and lactation.Methods Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to lead acetate during gestation and lactation.Three concentrations of 0.05%,0.2%,and 0.5% lead acetate were applied and considered as low,middle and high exposure group respectively.The Pb levels of blood and hippocampus of pups were analyzed at weaning to evaluate the actual lead content at the end of the exposure.The impact of lead exposure on the expression of mGluR5 mRNA and protein in hippocampal tissue of pups was investigated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot.The potential role of the expression of mGluR5 mRNA and protein in lead neurotoxicity were discussed.Results The levels of lead in blood and hippocampus from lead-exposed rats were significantly higher than those in the controls and positively related to the degree of lead exposure.The results of real-time PCR and Western blot showed that exposure to lead acetate decreased the expression of mCluR5 mRNA and protein with a dose-dependent manner.Conclusions Hippocampal mGluR5 might be involved in lead-induced neurotoxicity.
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Objective: To investigate the efficacy of acupuncture and point injection in cooperation with Tuina and reposition for treating lumbar intervertebral disc protrusion.Methods: Treatment was given by first acupuncture, then point injection and last Tuina and reposition. It was administered once daily, 6 times as a course and compared with simple Tuina and reposition. Results: Both the effective rate in the clinical treatment and the cure rate in the same period were significantly higher in the treatment group than in the control group. Conclusion: A composite treatment by acupuncture and point injection in cooperation with Tuina and reposition is better in curative effect and shorter in the course of treatment than simple Tuina and reposition.