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As the main cell type in mammalian cortex, cortical projection neurons play an important role in brain functions, including motor control, sensation and cognition.Projection neurons in the cerebral cortex include excitatory projection neurons and inhibitory projection neurons, of which excitatory projection neurons are the main type.Cortical excitatory projection neurons have various subtypes, and most of them have their own unique developmental rules and molecular markers.Studying the origin and classification of projection neurons in the cerebral cortex is helpful to understand the mechanisms of diseases related to abnormal projection neurons.This paper reviews the origin, classification and function of cortical projection neurons.
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Objective:To evaluate the effect of gender factor on sufentanil-induced inhibition of responses to endotracheal intubation when combined with dexmedetomidine.Methods:American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients, aged 18-64 yr, with body mass index <30 kg/m 2, undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia requiring tracheal intubation, were divided into 2 groups according to gender: male group (group M) and female group (group F). Dexmedetomidine 0.4 μg/kg was intravenously infused over 5 min, and 10 min later propofol 3 μg/ml and sufentanil were given by target-controlled infusion.In the two groups, the initial target concentration of sufentanil was set at 0.35 ng/ml in the first case, the target concentration of sufentanil in the next case was determined according to whether responses to endotracheal intubation occurred, and the ratio between the two consecutive target concentrations was 1.2.The median effective concentration (EC 50) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of sufentanil inhibiting responses to endotracheal intubation were determined by Dixon′s up and down sequential trial. Results:There were 26 cases in group M and 28 cases in group F. The EC 50 (95% CI) of sufentanil was 0.264 0 (0.240 9-0.289 3) ng/ml in group M. The EC 50 (95% CI) of sufentanil was 0.158 9 (0.138 2-0.182 6) ng/ml in group F. The EC 50 of sufentanil was significantly lower in group F than in group M ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Gender-related differences exist in sufentanil-induced inhibition of responses to endotracheal intubation when combined with dexmedetomidine.
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Objective To analyze the research status and development trend of the subject in the field of "induced pluripotent stem cells research" over the last decade.Methods Articles of the in duced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) between 2006-2015 were searched from web of science SCI database and analyzed based on bibliometrics.Results Through analyzing the 4 675 retrieved papers of iPSCs,we discussed the hot topics and study frontier in this field and compared the gap between China and other countries.Corresponding countermeasures and suggestions were also proposed.Conclusions The results indicate that,in this field,the article numbers of China present a synchronized growth trend while the high quality article numbers still lagged when compared with other countries.Meanwhile,we found that the research hotspots of iPSCs are shifting from basic research to applied research.It is hopeful to elevate the core competitiveness of China in iPSCs field through taking appropriate policy recommendations and measures from a management perspective as well as a research perspective in the future.
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Introduced in this paper are the current situation of biobank in China in the context of precision medicine.As a vital platform of precision medicine,biobank constitutes a resource support for this plan.Establishing high quality biobank has important implications for the implement of precision medicine in China.This paper focused on the problems existing in biobank development in the context of precision medicine and put forward corresponding countermeasures as well as suggestions.
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Objective:To evaluate the anxiety and depression symptoms of burning mouth syndrome (BMS), and to explore risk factors to BMS.Method:In this case-control study,147 patients with BMS and 140 sex-and age-matched healthy volunteers were recruited.Three questionnaires were used to collect information of psychical and mental condition.The Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS)and Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS)were applied to evaluate symptoms of anxiety and depression.The scores of SAS and SDS were statistically analyzed by t-test.The risk factors of BMS were statistically analyzed by Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis.Result:The scores of SAS and SDS were higher in the patients with BMS than in the controls [SAS:(44.4 ±9.9)vs. (35.7 ±6.2);SDS:(48.1 ±11.6)vs.(37.5 ±8.9)].The risk factors of BMS included ischemic stroke (OR =4.46,95%CI:1.87 -10.95),low level of education (OR =1.91,95%CI:1.04 -3.49),anxiety symptom (OR =8.12,95%CI:2.60 -25.37)and depression symptom (OR =2.57,95%CI:1.26 -5.27).Conclusion:BMS is a multi-factorial disease.It indicates that ischemic stroke,lower level of education,anxiety symptom and depression symptom are the risk factors of BMS.A positive association could be established between psychological alterations and BMS.According to these findings it can be assumed that mental factors should be taking into account in the etiologyof BMS.It should be advocated to treat BMS patients by psychotherapy.
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Objective To report experience on pharmaceutical care in a renal transplantation recipient with herpes zoster . Methods The methods and measures of pharmaceutical care of a renal transplantation recipient with herpes zoster were retro‐spectively summarized .Results A safety ,effectiveness ,rationality of medication were significantly increased by pharmaceuti‐cal care in renal transplantation patient′s with herpes zoster and the patient′s quality of life was improved .Conclusion Pharma‐ceutical care was necessary and valuable to renal transplantation recipients with herpes zoster .
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Objective To evaluate the possible correlation between anxiety state and serum angiontensin Ⅱ levels in patients with vitiligo.Methods Sixty patients with progressive vitiligo and 30 normal human controls were included in this study.Self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) was used to evaluate the anxiety state,and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was performed to determine the serum level of angiontensin Ⅱ,in these subjects.Results SAS score was significantly increased in patients compared with the controls (46.13 ±11.72 vs.36.73 ± 12.59,t =3.50,P ＜ 0.01),and 48.3％ of the patients were affected by anxiety.The SAS score and prevalence of anxiety were statistically higher in female than in male patients (t =2.47,x2 =4.58,both P ＜ 0.05),in unmarried than in married patients (t =2.59,P ＜ 0.01; x2 =6.17,P ＜ 0.05),in patients with lesions on exposed areas than in those with lesions on unexposed areas (t =3.60,P ＜ 0.01; x2 =5.84,P ＜0.05).In patients affected by anxiety,the level of serum angiontensin Ⅱ was significantly elevated compared with patients without anxiety (63.83 ± 10.92 vs.40.74 ± 8.70 ng/L,t =9.09,P ＜ 0.01 ).Conclusions Patients with vitiligo are usually affected by anxiety.The serum level of angiontensin Ⅱ is closely correlated with anxiety state in patients with vitiligo as well as with the development of vitiligo,and may have an impact on the initiation and progression of vitiligo.
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Aim To evaluate the antinociception of ω-SO3,a novel Omega-superfamily conotoxin,in rat formalin test.Methods Potency and duration of ω-SO3 antinociception compared with morphine were investigated in rat formalin test after acute intrathecal administration.Development of tolerance or cross tolerance to analgesia of ω-SO3 and morphine was tested in formalin test after chronic intrathecal administration.Locomotor activity of rat after acute intrathecal administration was tested to evaluate possible central side effects.Results In rat formalin test after intrathecal bolus injection,ω-SO3 produced dose-and time-dependent antinociception by suppressing acute(ED_(50),1.79 ng·g~(-1))and tonic phases(ED_(50),0.41 ng·g~(-1)),which was approximately 10-fold potency and twice longer-acting of morphine in blocking tonic phase responses.After repeated intrathecal injections twice daily for 5 consecutive days,ω-SO3 produced analgesia without loss of potency whereas morphine produced analgesia tolerance in rat formalin test;further,ω-SO3 still produced potent analgesia in morphine-tolerant rats.No changes in motor function were seen in rats receiving above antinociceptive doses.Conclusion sNovel ω-SO3 produces potent and long-acting spinal antinociception without observable motor dysfunction and after chronic intrathecal administration.ω-SO3 produces neither tolerance nor cross-tolerance to morphine analgesia.
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The antagonistic effects of phentolamin(PL) and tolasuline(TS) on norepinephrine(NE)-induced vasoconstriction were investigated in vitro on aortic rings of normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats in Kreb-Henseilet solution containing 40?IU/ml insulin.The results showed that in the presence of high level insulin,the antagonistic actions of ?-receptor blocking agents,PL and TS,were markedly decreased.The pharmacodynamic parameters indicated that the affinity index and action intensity of PL and TS were significantly reduced in solution containing high level insulin.The experimental results showed that high concentration insulin could decrease the antagonistic effects of ?-receptor blocking agents on NE-induced vasoconstriction.
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BUMwith high insulin level.