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Objective To investigate the prevalence of Echinococcus infections in small rodents around human residential areas in Yushu City, Qinghai Province in 2023, so as to provide insights into precision echinococcosis control. Methods One or two quadrats, each measuring 50 m × 50 m, were randomly assigned in Shanglaxiu Township and Longbao Township, Yushu City, Qinghai Province on June 2023, respectively, and 300 plate-type mouse traps, each measuring 12.0 cm × 6.5 cm, were assigned in each quadrat. Small rodents were captured during the period between 10 : 00 and 18 : 00 each day for 4 days. Then, all captured small rodents were identified and dissected, and liver specimens with suspected Echinococcus infections were subjected to pathological examinations. The Echinococcus cytochrome c oxidase 1 (cox1) gene was amplified using PCR assay, and the sequence of the amplified product was aligned to that was recorded in the GenBank to characterize the parasite species. In addition, a phylogenetic tree of Echinococcus was generated based on the cox1 gene sequence using the neighbor-joining method. Results A total of 236 small rodents were captured in Shanglaxiu and Longbao townships, Yushu City, including 65 Qinghai voles and 51 plateau pikas in Shanglaxiu Township, and 62 Qinghai voles and 58 plateau pikas in Longbao Township, and there was no significant difference in the constituent ratio of small rodents between the two townships (χ2 = 0.294, P > 0.05). Seven plateau pikas and 12 Qinghai voles were suspected to be infected with Echinococcus by dissection, and pathological examinations showed unclear structure of hepatic lobules and disordered hepatocyte arrangement in livers of small rodents suspected of Echinococcus infections. PCR assay identified E. shiquicus DNA in 7 Qinghai voles, which were all captured from Shanglaxiu Township. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the cox1 gene sequence of Echinococcus in small rodents was highly homologous to the E. shiquicus cox1 gene sequence reported previously. Conclusion Plateau pika and Qinghai vole were predominant small rodents around human residential areas in Yushu City, Qinghai Province in 2023, and E. shiquicus infection was detected in Qinghai voles.
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Objective To perform a bibliometric analysis of researches on the Plasmodium falciparum repetitive interspersed families of polypeptides (RIFIN) protein from 1993 to 2022 and identify the hot topics in the RIFIN protein research, so as to provide insights into future researches on RIFIN protein. Methods RIFIN protein-associated publications were retrieved in the Web of Science Core Collection from 1993 to 2022 and all bibliometric analyses were performed using the software CiteSpace 6.2.4.0. The annual number of RIFIN protein-associated publications was analyzed from 1993 to 2022, and country, author and institution collaboration networks were created. Keywords were extracted from RIFIN protein-associated publications for plotting keyword co-occurrence, clustering, burst and timeline maps to identify the hot topics in the RIFIN protein research. Results A total of 745 English RIFIN protein-associated publications were included in the final bibliometric analysis, and there were 18 to 36 publications each year from 1993 to 2022. The top three countries with the highest activity in the RIFIN protein research included the United States, the United Kingdom and France, universities and research institutes were highly active in the RIFIN protein research; however, no authors were identified with a high activity in the RIFIN protein research. There were three keyword clusters in the RIFIN protein-associated publications, including repetitive DNA sequence, molecular epidemiology and antigenic variation. Keyword co-occurrence, burst and timeline analyses showed that previous RIFIN protein-associated publications mainly focused on gene properties and functions, involving keywords of repetitive DNA sequence and evolution, and recent hot topics for the RIFIN protein research shifted to genetic diversity and immune response, involving keywords of genetic diversity, antigenic variation and binding. Conclusions The annual number of RIFIN protein-associated publications was relatively stable from 1993 to 2022. This bibliometric analysis may provide insights into future researches on the RIFIN protein.
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Objective To investigate the feasibility of developing a grading diagnostic model for schistosomiasis-induced liver fibrosis based on B-mode ultrasonographic images and clinical laboratory indicators. Methods Ultrasound images and clinical laboratory testing data were captured from schistosomiasis patients admitted to the Second People’s Hospital of Duchang County, Jiangxi Province from 2018 to 2022. Patients with grade I schistosomiasis-induced liver fibrosis were enrolled in Group 1, and patients with grade II and III schistosomiasis-induced liver fibrosis were enrolled in Group 2. The machine learning binary classification tasks were created based on patients’radiomics and clinical laboratory data from 2018 to 2021 as the training set, and patients’radiomics and clinical laboratory data in 2022 as the validation set. The features of ultrasonographic images were labeled with the ITK-SNAP software, and the features of ultrasonographic images were extracted using the Python 3.7 package and PyRadiomics toolkit. The difference in the features of ultrasonographic images was compared between groups with t test or Mann-Whitney U test, and the key imaging features were selected with the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression algorithm. Four machine learning models were created using the Scikit-learn repository, including the support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), linear regression (LR) and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost). The optimal machine learning model was screened with the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), and features with the greatest contributions to the differentiation features of ultrasound images in machine learning models with the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method. Results The ultrasonographic imaging data and clinical laboratory testing data from 491 schistosomiasis patients from 2019 to 2022 were included in the study, and a total of 851 radiomics features and 54 clinical laboratory indicators were captured. Following statistical tests (t = −5.98 to 4.80, U = 6 550 to 20 994, all P values < 0.05) and screening of key features with LASSO regression, 44 features or indicators were included for the subsequent modeling. The areas under ROC curve (AUCs) were 0.763 and 0.611 for the training and validation sets of the SVM model based on clinical laboratory indicators, 0.951 and 0.892 for the training and validation sets of the SVM model based on radiomics, and 0.960 and 0.913 for the training and validation sets of the multimodal SVM model. The 10 greatest contributing features or indicators in machine learning models included 2 clinical laboratory indicators and 8 radiomics features. Conclusions The multimodal machine learning models created based on ultrasound-based radiomics and clinical laboratory indicators are feasible for intelligent identification of schistosomiasis-induced liver fibrosis, and are effective to improve the classification effect of one-class data models.
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Objective To investigate the origin of Biomphalaria straminea in China, so as to provide insights into assessment of schistosomiasis mansoni transmission risk and B. straminea control. Methods Guanlan River, Dasha River, Shenzhen Reservoir, upper and lower reaches of Kuiyong River, and Xinzhen River in Shenzhen, China, were selected as sampling sites. Ten Biomphalaria samples were collected from each site, and genomic DNA was extracted from Biomphalaria samples. DNA samples were obtained from 15 B. straminea sampled from 5 sampling sites in Minas Gerais State, Pará State, Federal District, Pernambuco State, and Sao Paulo State in Brazil, South America. Cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) and mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) genes were sampled using the above DNA templates, and the amplified products were sequenced. The COI and 16S rRNA gene sequences were downloaded from GenBank, and the sampling sites were acquired. All COI and 16S rRNA gene sequences were aligned and evolutionary trees of B. straminea were created based on COI and 16S rRNA gene sequences to identify the genetic similarity and evolutionary relationship between B. straminea samples from China and South America. Results A total of 60 COI gene sequences with a length of 529 bp and 3 haplotypes were obtained from B. straminea sampled from China. There were 165 COI gene sequences of B. straminea retrieved from GenBank, and following alignment with the above 60 gene sequences, a total of 33 haplotypes were obtained. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the three haplotypes of B. straminea from China were clustered into one clade, among which the haplotype China11 and three B. straminea samples from Brazil retrieved from GenBank belonged to the same haplotype. Geographical evolution analysis showed that the B. straminea samples from three sampling sites along eastern coasts of Brazil had the same haplotype with China11, and B. straminea samples from other two sampling sites were closely, genetically related to China11. A total of 60 16S rDNA gene sequences with approximately 322 bp in length were amplified from B. straminea in China, with 2 haplotypes identified. A total of 70 16S rDNA gene sequences of B. straminea were captured from GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Biomphalaria snails collected from China were clustered into a clade, and the haplotype China64 and the haplotype 229BS from Brazil shared the same haplotype. The 49 16S rDNA gene sequences of B. straminea from 25 sampling sites in southern Brazil, which were captured from GenBank, were included in the present analysis, and the B. straminea from 3 sampling sites shared the same haplotype with China64 in China. Geographical evolution analysis based on COI and 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that B. straminea sampled from eastern coastal areas of Brazil shared the same haplotypes in two gene fragment sequences with Biomphalaria snails collected from China. Conclusions The Biomphalaria snails in China are characterized as B. straminea, which have a low genetic diversity. The Biomphalaria snails in China have a high genetic similarity with B. straminea sampled from eastern coastal areas of Brazil, which may have originated from the eastern coastal areas of Brazil.
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The goal of achieving elimination of schistosomiasis across all endemic counties in China by 2030 was proposed in the Outline of the Healthy China 2030 Plan. On June 16, 2023, the Action Plan to Accelerate the Elimination of Schistosomiasis in China (2023—2030) was jointly issued by National Disease Control and Prevention Administration and other 10 ministries, which deployed the targets and key tasks of the national schistosomiasis elimination programme in China. This article describes the progress of the national schistosomiasis control programme, analyzes the opportunities to eliminate schistosomiasis, and proposes targeted recommendations to tackle the challenges of schistosomiasis elimination, so as to accelerate the process towards schistosomiasis elimination and facilitate the building of a healthy China.
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On June 16, 2023, National Disease Control and Prevention Administration of the People’s Republic of China, in collaboration with other ministries, formulated and issued the Action Plan to Accelerate the Elimination of Schistosomiasis in China (2023—2030). The implementation of this plan provides an important basis for achieving the targets set in the “Healthy China 2030” action plan and the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy. This paper describes the background, principles, targets, control strategies, safeguard measures and effectiveness evaluation of the plan, in order to guide the scientific and standardized implementation of actions for schistosomiasis elimination at the grassroots level, and facilitate the progress towards elimination of schistosomiasis in China with a high quality.
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This report presented the endemic status of schistosomiasis and analyzed the data collected from the national schistosomiasis prevention and control system and national schistosomiasis surveillance program in the People’s Republic of China in 2022. Among the 12 provinces (municipality and autonomous region) endemic for schistosomiasis, Shanghai Municipality, Zhejiang Province, Fujian Province, Guangdong Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region continued to maintain the achievements of schistosomiasis elimination, and Sichuan and Jiangsu provinces maintained the criteria of transmission interruption, while Yunnan, Hubei, Anhui, Jiangxi and Hunan provinces maintained the criteria of transmission control by the end of 2022. A total of 452 counties (cites, districts) were found to be endemic for schistosomiasis in China in 2022, with 27 434 endemic villages covering 73 424 400 people at risk of infections. Among the 452 endemic counties (cities, districts), 75.89% (343/452), 23.45% (106/452) and 0.66% (3/452) achieved the criteria of elimination, transmission interruption and transmission control of schistosomiasis, respectively. In 2022, 4 317 356 individuals received serological tests for schistosomiasis, and 62 228 were sero-positive. A total of 208 646 individuals received stool examinations for schistosomiasis, with one positive and another two cases positive for urine microscopy, and these three 3 cases were imported schistosomiasis patients from Africa. There were 28 565 cases with advanced schistosomiasis documented in China by the end of 2022. Oncomelania hupensis snail survey was performed in 18 891 endemic villages in China in 2022 and O. hupensis snails were found in 6 917 villages (36.62% of all surveyed villages), with 8 villages identified with emerging snail habitats. Snail survey was performed at an area of 655 703.01 hm2 and 183 888.60 hm2 snail habitats were found, including 110.58 hm2 emerging snail habitats and 844.35 hm2 re-emerging snail habitats. There were 477 200 bovines raised in the schistosomiasis endemic areas of China in 2022, and 113 946 bovines received serological examinations for schistosomiasis, with 204 sero-positives detected. Among the 131 715 bovines received stool examinations, no positives were identified. In 2022, there were 19 726 schistosomiasis patients receiving praziquantel chemotherapy, and expanded chemotherapy was performed in 714 465 person-time for humans and 234 737 herd-time for bovines in China. In 2022, snail control with chemical treatment was performed at an area of 119 134.07 hm2, and the actual area of chemical treatment was 65 825.27 hm2, while environmental improvements were performed at an area of 1 163.96 hm2. Data from the national schistosomiasis surveillance program of China showed that the mean prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum infections was both zero in humans and bovines in 2022, and no S. japonicum infection was detected in O. hupensis snails. These data demonstrated that the endemic status of schistosomiasis continued to decline in China in 2022, with 3 confirmed schistosomiasis patients that had a foreign nationality and all imported from Africa, and the areas of snail habitats remained high. Further improvements in the construction of the schistosomaisis surveillance and forecast system, and reinforcement of O. hupensis survey and control are required to prevent the re-emerging schistosomiasis.
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As a neglected tropical disease defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), echinococcosis causes a huge public health burden. Understanding the disease burden due to echinococcosis facilitates the progress towards elimination of the disease. This review analyzes the advances in disease and economic burdens of echinococcosis, describes the status quo disease burden due to echinococcosis in different areas of the world, compares the difference between international and national studies on disease and economic burdens of echinococcosis, and discusses the shortcomings of the current international and national studies on disease burden of echinococcosis. Currently, the studies on disease burden of echinococcosis suffer from problems of few field survey data and lack of authoritative disability weights for echinococcosis, while the studies on economic burden of echinococcosis suffer from problems of lack of comprehensive study populations and indicators.
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OBJECTIVE@#To establish a snail control approach for spraying chemicals with drones against Oncomelania hupensis in complex snail habitats in hilly regions, and to evaluate its molluscicidal effect.@*METHODS@#The protocol for evaluating the activity of spraying chemical molluscicides with drones against O. hupensis snails was formulated based on expert consultation and literature review. In August 2022, a pretest was conducted in a hillside field environment (12 000 m2) north of Dafengji Village, Dacang Township, Weishan County, Yunnan Province, which was assigned into four groups, of no less than 3 000 m2 in each group. In Group A, environmental cleaning was not conducted and 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules were sprayed with drones at a dose of 40 g/m2, and in Group B, environmental cleaning was performed, followed by 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules sprayed with drones at a dose of 40 g/m2, while in Group C, environmental cleaning was not conducted and 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules were sprayed with knapsack sprayers at a dose of 40 g/m2, and in Group D, environmental cleaning was performed, followed by 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules sprayed with knapsack sprayers at a dose of 40 g/m2. Then, each group was equally divided into six sections according to land area, with Section 1 for baseline surveys and sections 2 to 6 for snail surveys after chemical treatment. Snail surveys were conducted prior to chemical treatment and 1, 3, 5, 7 days post-treatment, and the mortality and corrected mortality of snails, density of living snails and costs of molluscicidal treatment were calculated in each group.@*RESULTS@#The mortality and corrected mortality of snails were 69.49%, 69.09%, 53.57% and 83.48%, and 68.58%, 68.17%, 52.19% and 82.99% in groups A, B, C and D 14 days post-treatment, and the density of living snails reduced by 58.40%, 63.94%, 68.91% and 83.25% 14 days post-treatment relative to pre-treatment in four groups, respectively. The median concentrations of chemical molluscicides were 37.08, 35.42, 42.50 g/m2 and 56.25 g/m2 in groups A, B, C and D, and the gross costs of chemical treatment were 0.93, 1.50, 0.46 Yuan per m2 and 1.03 Yuan per m2 in groups A, B, C and D, respectively.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The molluscicidal effect of spraying 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules with drones against O. hupensis snails is superior to manual chemical treatment without environmental cleaning, and chemical treatment with drones and manual chemical treatment show comparable molluscicidal effects following environmental cleaning in hilly regions. The cost of chemical treatment with drones is slightly higher than manual chemical treatment regardless of environmental cleaning. Spraying 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules with drones is recommended in complex settings with difficulty in environmental cleaning to improve the molluscicidal activity and efficiency against O. hupensis snails.
Subject(s)
Niclosamide/pharmacology , Ethanolamine/pharmacology , Unmanned Aerial Devices , China , Molluscacides/pharmacology , EthanolaminesABSTRACT
Following concerted efforts for over 7 decades, great achievements have been gained in the national schistosomiasis control program of China. Currently, China is moving towards the stage of schistosomiasis elimination, when the major task is to make full use of available resources to improve schistosomiasis surveillance and response to sustainably consolidate gained schistosomiasis control achievements and prevent re-emerging schistosomiasis. There is therefore an urgent need for optimization of interventions for schistosomiasis elimination. Based on analysis of socioeconomic features at different stages of the national schistosomiasis control program in China, this review discusses the relationship between the needs of assessment of schistosomiasis elimination interventions and the optimized strategy of schistosomiasis elimination at different stages of the national schistosomiasis control program using a marginal benefit approach and proposes the optimized schistosomiasis elimination strategy that allows the highest marginal benefit with currently available schistosomiasis elimination costs, so as to provide the optimal strategic pathway to schistosomiasis elimination and facilitate the achievement of the targets set in Healthy China 2030.
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Objective To investigate the trends in the disease burden of schistosomiasis worldwide and in China, and Zimbabwe from 1990 to 2019, so as to provide insights into the formulation of the schistosomiasis control strategy in Zimbabwe. Methods Based on Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019) data sources, the age-standardized prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life year (DALY) rate of schistosomiasis were compared in the world, China, and Zimbabwe and the trends in the disease burden of schistosomiasis from 1990 to 2019 were investigated using Joinpoint regression analysis. In addition, the associations between the burden of schistosomiasis worldwide and in China and Zimbabwe from 1990 to 2019 and socio-demographic index (SDI) were examined using Pearson correlation analysis. Results The age-standardized prevalence, mortality, and DALY rate of schistosomiasis were 1 804.95/105, 0.14/105 and 20.92/105 in the world, 707.09/105, 0.02/105 and 5.06/105 in China, and 2 218.90/105, 2.39/105 and 90.09/105 in Zimbabwe in 2019, respectively. The global prevalence, mortality, and DALY rate of schistosomiasis appeared a tendency towards a rise followed by a decline with age in 2019, while the prevalence and DALY rate of schistosomiasis appeared a tendency towards a sharp rise followed by a fluctuating decline in both China and Zimbabwe, and the mortality of schistosomiasis appeared a tendency towards a rise. The age-standardized prevalence [average annual percent change (AAPC) = −1.31%, −2.22% and −6.12%; t = −20.07, −83.38 and −53.06; all P values < 0.05)] and DALY rate of schistosomiasis (AAPC = −1.91%,−4.17% and −2.08%; t = −31.89, −138.70 and −16.45; all P values < 0.05) appeared a tendency towards a decline in the world, China and Zimbabwe from 1990 to 2019, and the age-standardized mortality of schistosomiasis appeared a tendency towards a decline in the world and China (AAPC = −3.46% and −8.10%, t = −41.03 and −61.74; both P values < 0.05), and towards a rise followed by a decline in Zimbabwe (AAPC = 1.35%, t = 4.88, P < 0.05). In addition, Pearson correlation analysis showed that the age-standardized prevalence (r = −0.75, P < 0.05), mortality (r = −0.73, P < 0.05), and DALY rate of schistosomiasis (r = −0.77, P < 0.05) correlated negatively with SDI in the world, China and Zimbabwe from 1990 to 2019. Conclusions The disease burden of schistosomiasis appeared a remarkable decline in China from 1990 to 2019, and the prevalence of schistosomiasis showed a tendency towards a decline in Zimbabwe from 1990 to 2019; however, the mortality and DALY rate of schistosomiasis in Zimbabwe topped in the world. A schistosomiasis control strategy with adaptations to local epidemiology and control needs of schistosomiasis is needed to facilitate the elimination of schistosomiasis in Zimbabwe.
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Objective:To learn about the status quo and hotspots in the field of health policy research under the concept of One Health.Methods:The Web of Science Core Collection (WoS) database and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database from 2001 to 2020 were searched for publications in the field of health policy research under the concept of One Health. A total of 3 515 publications in English and 42 in Chinese were included, CiteSpace 5.6.R3 software was used to analyze the number of publications, countries, institutions, authors, and keywords, and to draw visual maps.Results:The number of publications in WoS database was 52 in 2001 and 500 in 2020, with an overall upward trend in the number of publications; the first relevant publication in CNKI database was published in 2009, and the number of publications increased to 13 by 2020, but the total number was still low (42). Among the countries, the USA had the highest number of publications (1 385), total citations (48 780) and highly cited (≥10 citations) publications (671). Switzerland had the highest citations per publication (89.72). China ranked 5th in the number of publications (160) and 8th in total citations (4 643) and citations per publication (29.02), with fewer highly cited publications (82). The English author partnership had a large collaborative team led by Chris Degeling at the University of Sydney; the Chinese author partnership had a large research team led by Lu Jiahai at the School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University. In terms of country cooperation, French node had the largest centrality (0.30), the centrality of Chinese nodes was 0.01. Emerging infectious diseases, zoonose, and antibiotic resistance were high-frequency keywords in the English publications, while COVID-19, zoonose, antibiotic resistance, and food safety were high-frequency keywords in the Chinese publications.Conclusions:From 2001 to 2020, the overall trend of the number of publications in health policy research under the concept of One Health worldwide is on the rise. Emerging infectious diseases, zoonose, antibiotic resistance, and food safety are the current research hotspots in this field.
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Clonorchiasis is one key food-borne parasitic disease in China. Owing to several years'efforts and preparation, the national clonorchiasis surveillance system in China has been established preliminarily since 2016. In this article, the necessity to establish the national clonorchiasis surveillance system is explained. Then, the structure, content and corresponding methods of the surveillance system are briefly introduced. Key points in the surveillance are summarized and the development of surveillance in future is discussed. Furthermore, the contribution of clonorchiasis surveillance in China to the world is also analyzed.
Subject(s)
Animals , China , Clonorchiasis , Clonorchis sinensis , Foodborne Diseases , Sentinel SurveillanceABSTRACT
Clonorchiasis is one key food-borne parasitic disease in China.Owing to several years' efforts and preparation,the national clonorchiasis surveillance system in China has been established preliminarily since 2016.In this article,the necessity to establish the national clonorchiasis surveillance system is explained.Then,the structure,content and corresponding methods of the surveillance system are briefly introduced.Key points in the surveillance are summarized and the development of surveillance in future is discussed.Furthermore,the contribution of clonorchiasis surveillance in China to the world is also analyzed.
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Objective To analyze the investigation data of the national schistosomiasis surveillance sites in 2015,so as to provide scientific evidences for schistosomiasis control,elimination and surveillance. Methods According to National Schisto-somiasis Surveillance Programme(version 2014),457 surveillance sites were selected,and the investigation data in residents, floating population,domestic animals and Oncomelania hupensis snails were collected and analyzed from four types of endemic counties. Results A total of 4468 seropositive cases were detected from 133350 residents,among which 4457 residents with seropositive results received the etiological tests,and 71 of them were identified with positive results. Most of them were fisher-men and farmers in the middle and old-aged group. The schistosomiasis infection rate was 0.05% in local population. Totally 977 seropositive cases were examined from 85047 migrant individuals,and 16 positive cases were found out from 966 individuals who took etiological tests,which showed the schistosomiasis infection rate was 0.02% in floating population. Imported cases were found among floating people in four provinces,namely Zhejiang,Hunan,Hubei and Anhui provinces. No acute schistoso-miasis cases were reported. A total of 13406 head of cattle received examinations and only 5 were determined as stool positives. The cattle infection rate was 0.04%. The snail survey covered an area of 22295.13 hm2 and snails were found in an area of 7426.63 hm2,including 3.47 hm2 newly detected area with snails. No schistosome-infected snails were found. Conclusions Based on the collected data from 457 national schistosomiasis surveillance sites of China,the Schistosoma japonicum infection rate is 0.05% in local population which maintains a stably descending trend. In floating population,there are imported schistosome-in-fected persons. Cattle are still a vulnerable species infected with schistosome. Although no infected snails are found,snails are widely distributed in endemic areas. Some provinces detect areas with snails for the first time or the reproduction of snails. The staff in endemic provinces should carry out the surveillance work according to National Schistosomiasis Surveillance Programme (version2014)to improve the surveillance system,and enhance the sensibility and effectiveness of surveillance work.
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Schistosomiasis Control and Elimination(GB 15976-2015)and Diagnostic Criteria for Schistosomiasis(WS 261-2006)are the only two national health criteria related to schistosomiasis control program implemented in P. R. China. The roles of criteria to guide and accelerate the transition from schistosomiasis control to elimination are concluded ,based on this system?atic review how the criteria led the implementation of the medium?and long?term national plan and provided the guidance when drafting the thirteen?five years national plan for schistosomiasis,and the suggestion to draft more criteria related to schistosomia?sis elimination program and strengthening the implementation of current criteria,so as to precisely guide the schistosomiasis elimination program in P. R. China.
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China's prevention and control of parasitic diseases has made remarkable achievements. However,the prevalence and transmission of parasitic diseases is impacted by the complicated natural and social factors of environment ,natural disas-ters,population movements,and so on. Therefore,there are still the risks of the outbreak of emergency parasitic diseases af-fairs,which may affect the control effectiveness of parasitic diseases and endanger the social stability seriously. In this article , we aim at the analysis of typical cases of emergency parasitic disease affairs and their impacts on public health security in China in recently years,and we also elaborate the disposal characteristics of emergency parasitic disease affairs,and propose the estab-lishment of response system to emergency parasitic disease affairs in China,including the organizational structure and response flow path,and in addition,point out that,in the future,we should strengthen the system construction and measures of the re-sponse system to emergency parasitic disease affairs,so as to control the risk and harm of parasitic disease spread as much as possible and to realize the early intervention and proper disposal of emergency parasitic disease affairs.
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Objective@#To analyze the infectious status and etiological characteristics of rotavirus A (RVA) from children less than five years old in the Kunming city of Yunnan province from July 2014 to June 2015, to provide basic data and methodological references for the disease surveillance, and controling outbreak cases investigations as well as vaccine research and development.@*Methods@#Stool samples were collected from 1 121 diarrhea cases and 319 healthy controls in four sentinel hospitals and transported to laboratory. Two-step reverse transcriptional polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect the presence of RVA in each stool specimen. Suspicious positive specimens of gel electrophoresis was further sequenced to make definite diagnosis of RVA infection. Each RVA positive stool specimen was confirmed with sequencing which was conducted the semi-nested multiplex RT-PCR to detect six G genotypes and six P genotypes.@*Results@#Total 244 samples from the 1 212 diarrhea patients were detected positive for RVA and the total positive rate was 21.8%. G typing of group A rotavirus mainly showed G9(66.4%, n=156), G3(18.7%, n=44), G1(8.9%, n=21)and G8(1.7%, n=4). P typing mainly showed P[8](92.8%, n=218)and P[4](4.7%, n=11); G/P combination genotypes were composed mainly of G9P[8](57.0%, n=134), G3P[8](18.3%, n=43) and G1P[8](8.9%, n=21). The detection rate of RVA in diarrhea patients had obvious seasonal distribution (χ2=46.3, P<0.001), with the prevalent peak in winter (31.2%), and the seasonal distribution of G9P[8](χ2=27.3, P<0.001), G1P[8](χ2=8.2, P<0.039)and G3P[8](χ2=10.2, P<0.042) had strong seasonal pattern with a peak in winter equally. In the subjects under five years, the detection rate of G9P[8](14.9%, 2.9%, χ2=18.1, P<0.001) and G3P[8](4.4%, 0.5%, χ2=5.6, P<0.018) from diarrhea cases were higher than that of in healthy controls, respectively.@*Conclusion@#There existed rather high infection rate of RVA in acute diarrhea cases in Yunnan province, which can be divided into a variety of genotypes, G9P[8]was the dominant genotype.
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@#Objective To evaluate the human resource in a national institute of parasitic diseases from 2007 to 2016，so as to provide a reference for the construction of a well⁃crafted human resource of national parasitic diseases control and prevention. Methods The basic information of the staff in the national institute of parasitic diseases was investigated and a related database was established to analyze the quantity and structure of the human resource allocation in 10 years through the annual statistics each year. Results The number of staff in the institute increased by 6.25% in 2016 compared with that in 2007，and 43.32% of the staff were under 35 years old. In 2016，59.36% of the staff had a master degree or a higher level degree，and 37.97% of the staff had senior technical titles. The difference value of the inflows and outflows was 3.21%. Conclusions The change of the structure and quality of human resource in this institute has a good tendency in the past ten years. The organization should optimize the human resource allocation and improve its capacity in disease control and prevention to broaden the methods of talent introduction and control the brain drain problem.
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Objective To explore the epidemiological characteristics of Kala-azar disease in China from 2005 to 2015,to provide evidence for the development of related control and measurement strategies.Methods Data was obtained from Disease Reporting Information System of China CDC,to compare factors on type,distribution,peak season and the age of onset of the cases.Results Epidemic of Kala-azar had been persistent in China.Number of the reported cases declined in Sichuan and Gansu provinces but two outbreaks had occurred in Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region.The epidemic was confined in few areas.The reported cases were mainly from Xinjiang,Gansu and Sichuan,with the total cases in these three provinces accounted for 95.29％ of all the cases seen in the country.The main peak season was from October to November,followed by April.There were significant differences seen in the age distributions of canine Kala-azar,anthroponotic Kala-azar and wildlife-oriented Kala-azar (P＜0.05) cases.Majority of the cases involved under 3-year-olds,with peak age in under 1-year-olds for wildlife-oriented Kala-azar.For anthroponotic and canine Kala-azar cases,most of them were seen among the under 10 years old,with the peak among the 5-year-olds.Conclusions In recent years,Kala-azar had been seen endemic and persistent,in the mid-west regions of China,but with different epidemiological characteristics.Further study on Kala-azar should be carried on to include appropriate measurements and strategies,according to the features of the disease,in the mid-western areas of China.