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Lung cancer is considered as the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for about 85% of primary lung cancer. Owing to the improved utilization of medical technological level and the popularization of health examinations, the detection rate of early-stage NSCLC is gradually increasing. The main treatment modalities for early-stage NSCLC are surgical resection and adjuvant chemotherapy. Platinum-based chemotherapy is recommended as the standard postoperative adjuvant treatment for patients with completely resected stageⅡ-ⅢA NSCLC. However, adjuvant therapy remains a controversial option in stageⅠB NSCLC. This review focuses on postoperative adjuvant therapy such as adjuvant chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy for completely resected stageⅠB NSCLC. Moreover, the biomarkers and prognostic factors of high-risk patients are discussed.
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Oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) is one of the head and neck cancers. According to epidemiological data, the incidence and mortality of OPC in China are increasing. In addition to tobacco and alcohol, human papillomavirus (HPV) has been proved to be one of the causes of OPC. Chinese scholars have also confirmed the correlation between HPV and OPC in China, but the proportion of HPV infection in OPC in China still needs a larger sample. Because lots of studies have shown that the efficacy and prognosis of HPV-related OPC are better, the treatment of this type of patients is the current research hotspot. Meanwhile, HPV vaccine and the screening method for HPV infection in the oropharynx or oral cavity of the population deserve further research.
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Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma (ENKTL) is a rare, invasive extra nodal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) that is commonly associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). ENKTL is the commonest to men with no apparent immunodeficiency in Asia and South America. Except for EBV, no environmental or external factors are associated with tumorigenesis. The precise mechanism by which EBV infects NK or T cells and the role of the virus in the pathogenesis of ENKTL has not been fully deciphered. However, many recent discoveries have been identified, including disorders of cell signaling and mutations in tumor suppressor genes, which provide insight into the pathogenesis of ENKTL. Moreover, NK/T cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma generally has a poor prognosis, and research on its prognostic factors is still ongoing. This article focuses on the pathogenesis and prognostic factors of ENKTL, and attempts to provide direction for improving patient outcomes.
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Medulloblastoma (MB)is the most prevalent pediatric brain tumor. Group3 MB is the most malignant subgroup,quiet a part of which are MYC-amplified. Blocking the upstream gene sites of MYC is mainly achieved through the blockade of miR-494,DDX3,NOTCH1 pathway;BETi or ATR/ Chk1 double-inhi-bition realizes the inhibition of duplication or transcription of MYC;as to the blockade of downstream genes of MYC,researchers mainly focus on LDHA,SETD8 and EZH2. All of these researches which target on MYC-amplified associated anti-tumor treatment mechanism present the theoretical basis for anti-MYC-associated medulloblastoma clinically.
ABSTRACT
Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma (ENKTL) is a rare,invasive extra nodal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) that is commonly associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).ENKTL is the commonest to men with no apparent immunodeficiency in Asia and South America.Except for EBV,no environmental or external factors are associated with tumorigenesis.The precise mechanism by which EBV infects NK or T cells and the role of the virus in the pathogenesis of ENKTL has not been fully deciphered.However,many recent discoveries have been identified,including disorders of cell signaling and mutations in tumor suppressor genes,which provide insight into the pathogenesis of ENKTL.Moreover,NK/T cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma generally has a poor prognosis,and research on its prognostic factors is still ongoing.This article focuses on the pathogenesis and prognostic factors of ENKTL,and attempts to provide direction for improving patient outcomes.
ABSTRACT
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most prevalent pediatric brain tumor. Group3 MB is the most malignant subgroup, quiet a part of which are MYC-amplified. Blocking the upstream gene sites of MYC is mainly achieved through the blockade of miR-494, DDX3, NOTCH1 pathway; BETi or ATR/Chk1 double-inhibition realizes the inhibition of duplication or transcription of MYC; as to the blockade of downstream genes of MYC, researchers mainly focus on LDHA, SETD8 and EZH2. All of these researches which target on MYC-amplified associated anti-tumor treatment mechanism present the theoretical basis for anti-MYC-associated medulloblastoma clinically.
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Currendy,the incidence of breast cancer ranks first at home and abroad of female cancer and the age of onset tends to be younger.Due to the local changes of the tumor residual cavity after the breast conserving surgery,we can't accurately delineate the irradiation range using traditional breast conserving surgery combined with external irradiation of whole breast and tumor bed plus the amount,and the course of treatment is longer.Intra-operative radiation therapy(IORT) can avoid the impact of respiratory motion and postural changes.Meanwhile,it can immediately irradiate the tumor bed during operation accurately.For patients,IORT can shorten the cycle of radiotherapy and reduce irradiation on the skin and subcutaneous tissue.So IORT is convenient,easy to be accepted,and has relatively few complications,good cosmetic results and so on.In recent years,more and more Cancer Center choose breast conserving surgery combined with IORT for treatment of early stage breast cancer and make relative researches in terms of the indications,methods,dosage,efficacy and prognosis of IORT.
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Currently,the incidence of breast cancer ranks first at home and abroad of female cancer and the age of onset tends to be younger.Due to the local changes of the tumor residual cavity after the breast conserving surgery,we can't accurately delineate the irradiation range using traditional breast conserving surgery combined with external irradiation of whole breast and tumor bed plus the amount,and the course of treatment is longer.Intra-operative radiation therapy (IORT) can avoid the impact of respiratory motion and postural changes.Meanwhile,it can immediately irradiate the tumor bed intraoperative accurately.For patients,IORT can shorten the cycle of radiotherapy and reduce irradiation on the skin and subcutaneous tissue.So IORT is convenient,easy to be accepted,and it has relatively few complications,good cosmetic results and so on.In recent years,more and more Cancer Center choose breast conserving surgery combined with IORT for the treatment of early stage breast cancer and do researches to the indications,methods,dosage,efficacy and prognosis of IORT.
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Objective To analyze the discrepancies between position adjustments obtained with the stereoscopic 2DKV XGS-10 system and the Varian OBI system for head-and-neck region IMRT treatments,and to compare for image acquisition and registration time.Methods CBCT images were obtained with OBI system and 2DKV images were acquired by XGS-10 system for 30 head-and-neck patients prior to Varian21EX IMRT treatment.The images were registered with planning image for localization,and position adjustments were given in LR,SI and AP directions,then the discrepancies between them were analyzed.On the comparison of the two different systems,the Pearson coefficient was used to analyzed the correlation and 95％ CI analysis to discern the consistence.Results Analysis of images acquired for the 30 patients yielded the following results:position adjustments with XGS-10 system were (-1.03 ± 2.15) mm,(0.86 ± 2.59) mm,(0.42 ± 1.66) mm in LR,SI and AP directions,whereas (0.00 ± 1.68) mm,(1.53 ± 2.12) mm,(0.10 ± 1.54) mm with CBCT in LR,SI and AP directions.The discrepancies were (-1.03 ± 1.24) mm,(-0.68 ± 1.78) mm and (0.32±1.61) mm in LR,SI and AP directions.The correlation coefficients between them were 0.817,0.731 and 0.495 in LR,SI and AP directions.95％ CI were (-1.47--0.59),(-1.32-0.04),(-0.26-0.90) mm.The average image acquisition and registration time were 10 s and ＜ 15 s in XGS-10 system,with 3 min and 8 min in OBI system.Conclusions Both of XGS-10 system and OBI system could be used to improve patient position accuracy,but XGS-10 system could cut down the total time.
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Objective To evaluate the application value of domestic image‐guided radiotherapy system XGS‐10 made in Weidu medical company limited in intensity‐modulated radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma .Methods A total of 30 nasopharyngeal carcinoma cases with intensity modulated radiatiotherapy by Varian accelerator were incorporated into the study .All patients ac‐cepted image‐guided radiotherapy system XGS‐10 of Chongqing Weidu medical company limited to obtain frontal images and CBCT to obtain CT images respectively .The images were matched with the planning images and target center ,then got the linear set‐up errors of left to right (X) ,superior to inferior (Y) ,and anterior to posterior (Z) ,and the time of acquiring and matching was recor‐ded .Results The correlation of both two instruments′setup errors in X ,Y ,Z direction is good ,the difference of setup errors was within the acceptable range ,and was not statistically significant (P>0 .05) .the time of acquiring images was (15 ± 2)s and that of matching images was (20 ± 2)s by XGS‐10 ;the time of acquiring images was (120 ± 8)s and that of matching images was (240 ± 10)s by Varian CBCT .Conclusion The setup error of XGS‐10 of intensity‐modulated radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma was equal to CBCT ,but the time of acquiring and matching time of XGS‐10 was shorter than that of CBCT ,which could shorten the positioning time and reduce radiation dose for patient .As a result ,it is conducive to real‐time clinical radiotherapy guidance .
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The way to develop the seven-year program studnts'ability mainly includes:paying great attention to study the basic theory for developing students'comprehensive abilities;laying stress on clinical teachers'important role in training students'ability on scientific research and their participation in clinical scientific research activities in order to develop their ideology and ability of clinical oncology scientific research.
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Multimodality Treatment is the general trend in cancer management,and is the inevitable result of the development in clinical oncology as well.We must alter the traditional conception and change the teaching pattern to match the model radiation & oncology teaching.
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Objective To investigate the inhibition effects of c erbB 2 and c raf 1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ASODN) combined transfection on the human ovarian epithelial cancer transplanted subcutaneously in nude mice Methods There were 7 groups: normal control group,c erbB 2 sense observed group,c raf 1 sense observed group,c erbB 2 antisense observed group,c raf 1 antisense observed group,whole dose combined group,half dose combined group Human ovarian epithelial cancer cells SKOV3 were treated by different oligodeoxynucleotides,then transplanted subcutaneously in nude mice,respectively The changes of tumor volume were observed and the tumor growth inhibitory rate was calculated Results There was no difference between sense observed group and normal control group There was a larger growth inhibitory rate in whole dose combined group and half dose combined group,the first time that can be detected was 13 7 days and 15 2 days,and the maximum tumor growth inhibitory rates were 61 1% and 71 3%,respectively Conclusions The results suggested that ASODN combined transfection can inhibit the tumorigenesis of ovarian epithelial cancer cells in nude mice,it may be a more useful gene therapy for the ovarian epithelial carcinoma
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Objective To study the effect of applicaton of the implanted artificial defecation control device (IADCD) in patients with lower rectal cancer. Methods The "radical resection aiming at achieving automatically controlled defecation" was performed in 32 patients with lower rectal cancer, On the basis of Mile's operation, the IADCD was implanted in those patients. Postoperatively, the defection control, psychological effect of the defecation mode on the patients, complications and adverse effects were observed. Results In treatment group (32 cases), satisfactory defecation control was achieved in 31 cases 1 month after the operation, and in another case 2 month after operation, and no obvious complications and untoward effects. In control group(16 cases), 8 cases had 1～2 times formed stool 3 months after operation, 4 cases achieved 6 months after the operation. Conclusions For patients with lower rectal cancer, the "radical resection aiming at achieving automatically-controlled defecation" could achieve the complete resection of lower rectal tumor and near to normal defecation without obvious untoward effects.
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Objective:To improve life quality of early breast cancer patients treated with breast conserving therapy and post-operative radiotherapy.Methods:From August 1999 to August 2003,46 cases with early breast cancer were treated and followed up in our department.Local recurrence rate,breast cosmetic outcome and survival rate were reported.Results:No local recurrence was found.Two cases developed metastasis.Disease-free survival for 3 years was 95.65%.Forty-three patients achieved excellent breast cosmetic outcome.The acute skin reaction and upper arm edema were main complications.Conclusion:Satisfactory life quality and local control can be obtained in early breast cancer patients treated with breast-conserving therapy and postoperative radiotherapy.
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0.05).ConclusionZoledronic acid combined with single or multiple fraction radiotherapy has similar clinical response.Zoledronic acid combined with single fraction is an efficient and cost-effective alternative to traditional multiple fraction radiotherapy for metastatic bone pain.
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Objective To assess the efficacy and safety of BioLiver Ⅰ bioartificial liver support system (BALSS) on the treatment of two types of acute liver failure (ALF) canine models. Methods The drug induced ALF canine model was established by multiple subcutaneous injections of acetaminophen. Another model was operated to resect 80 percent of the liver tissue. The primary hepatocytes were separated from the swine and cultured within the BALSS. The ALF models were treated by BioLiver ⅠBALSS for 6 hours. The changes of physiological, biochemical and histological parameters were observed before and after the treatment. Results The canines developed ALF 48 hours after injections of acetaminophen, the established rate of the model was 63 3%. While the other ALF canine model developed 24 hours after 80 percent liver resection and the established rate was 84 2%. Using our modified enzymatic digestion method, the yield of hepatocytes was (1 0～3 0)?10 10 per swine with high viability. BioLiver ⅠBALSS treatment resulted in beneficial effects on blood biochemical parameters. The pathological lesions of the liver were repaired. BALSS treatment was harmless to other organs. The ALF canines in drug group survived longer than in operation group. Conclusion This type of BALSS can provide safe and efficacious liver function support in the two types of ALF canine models, and it may be as an hepaful and important therapy to ALF