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Objective:To evaluate the role of G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) in reduction of ketamine-induced long-term cognitive dysfunction by 17β estradiol in neonatal rats.Methods:Thirty healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 7 days, weighing 11-18 g, were divided into 5 groups ( n=6 each) using a random number table method: control group (group C), ketamine group (group K), 17β estradiol plus ketamine group (group KE), GPR30 agonist G1 plus ketamine group (group G1K) and GPR30 inhibitor G15 plus 17β estradiol plus ketamine group (group G15EK). Ketamine 75 mg/kg was intraperitoneally injected in group K. In group EK, 17β estradiol 600 μg/kg was subcutaneously injected, and ketamine 75 mg/kg was intraperitoneally injected.In group G1K, G1 200 μg/kg was subcutaneously injected, and ketamine 75 mg/kg was intraperitoneally injected.In group G15EK, G15 300 μg/kg and 17β estradiol 600 μg/kg were subcutaneously injected, and ketamine 75 mg/kg was intraperitoneally injected.The equal volume of normal saline was intraperitoneally given in group C. The injection was performed every 24 h for 3 consecutive days.All the rats were allowed to grow up till postnatal day 60, and then Morris water maze test was performed to evaluate their spatial learning and memory function.The rats were sacrificed after the end of Morris water maze test, and hippocampi were removed for determination of contents of acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and acetylcholine (ACh) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results:Compared with group C, the escape latency was significantly prolonged on the 3-5 training days, the frequency of crossing the platform and percentage of time of staying at the target quadrant were decreased, the content of AChE was increased, and the content of ACh was decreased in group K ( P<0.05). Compared with group K, the escape latency was significantly shortened on the 3-5 training days, the frequency of crossing the platform and percentage of time of staying at the target quadrant were increased, the content of AChE was decreased, and the content of ACh was increased in EK and G1K groups ( P<0.05). Compared with EK and G1K groups, the escape latency was significantly prolonged on the 3-5 training days, the frequency of crossing the platform and percentage of time of staying at the target quadrant were decreased, the content of AChE was increased, and the content of ACh was decreased in group G15EK ( P<0.05). Conclusion:GPR30 is involved in reduction of ketamine-induced long-term cognitive dysfunction by 17β estradiol, which is related to regulating the contents of AChE and ACh in hippocampi of neonatal rats.
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Objective To evaluate the effect of 17βestradiol on propofol-induced long-term cogni-tive dysfunction in developing rats and the relationship with hippocampal glutamate ( Glu )∕γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Methods Sixty healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 7 days, weighing 11-18 g, were divided into 5 groups ( n=12 each) using a random number table method: dimethyl sulfoxide ( DM-SO) group, fat emulsion group (group F), 17β estradiol group (group E), propofol group (group P) and propofol plus 17β estradiol group ( group P+E) . 17β estradiol 600 μg∕kg was subcutaneously injected in group E, and the equal volume of DMSO was given instead in group DMSO. Propofol 75 mg∕kg was in-traperitoneally injected in group P, and the equal volume of fat emulsion was given instead in group F. 17βestradiol 600μg∕kg was subcutaneously injected and 30 min later propofol 75 mg∕kg was intraperitoneally in-jected in group P+E. Injection was performed once every 24 h for 7 consecutive days in each group. Morris water maze test was performed at 60 days of age. The rats were sacrificed after the end of Morris water maze test and hippocampi were removed for determination of Glu content ( by ultraviolet colorimetry method) andGABA content (using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) in hippocampal tissues. Glu∕GABA ratio was calculated. Results There was no significant difference in the escape latency, the number of crossing the original platform, percentage of time spent in target quadrant, Glu content or Glu∕GABA ratio between group DMSO, group F and group E (P>0. 05). There was no significant difference in GABA content a-mong the five groups ( P>0. 05) . Compared with group F, the escape latency was significantly prolonged, the number of crossing the original platform was reduced, and the percentage of time spent in target quad-rant, Glu content and Glu∕GABA ratio were decreased in group P (P<0. 05). Compared with group P, the escape latency was significantly shortened, the number of crossing the original platform was increased, and the percentage of time spent in target quadrant, Glu content and Glu∕GABA ratio were increased in group P+E ( P<0. 05) . Conclusion 17β estradiol can improve propofol-induced long-term cognitive dysfunction and the mechanism may be related to maintaining hippocampal Glu∕GABA balance in developing rats.
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Objective To study the clinical value of magnetically controlled capsule endoscopy in diseases screening. Method We retrospectively analyzed 61 cases which were evaluated by magnetically controlled capsule endoscopy from March 2015 to December 2016. The items include operating time, the divergence rate score and cleanliness score of stomach. The consistency was compared between magnetically controlled capsule endoscopy and gastric duodenal endoscopy. Results 61 upper gastrointestinal tract studies were included. The mean age was (49.4 ± 11.6) years. No capsule retention, perforation or bleeding occurred. There was 98.4% patients, which cleanliness of stomach was good. There was 68.9% patients, which filling degree of stomach was good. The concordance rate of the two tests of gastrduodenoscopy and magnetically controlled capsule endoscopy was 89.9% (80/89). The concordance rate of the two tests was 78.9% (15/19) in esophageal and cardia, 92.9% (52/56) in stomach, 92.9% (13/14) in duodenum. Conclusion Our experience shows that magnetically controlled capsule endoscopy is a safe and useful tool for the diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal tract disease. The detection rate is similar to gastrduodenoscopy.
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Objective To evaluate the role of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (p-ERK1/2) in 17β estradiol-induced inhibition of propofol-caused neuroapoptosis in the hippocampus of newborn rats.Methods Seventy-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats,aged 7 days,weighing ll-18 g,were divided into 6 groups (n =13 each) using a random number table:dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) group,fat emulsion group (group F),17β estradiol group (group E),propofol group (group P),propofol plus 17β estradiol group (group PE) and propofol plusl7β estradiol plus mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 inhibitor U0126 group (group PEU).17β estradiol 600 μg/kg was injected subcutaneously every 24 h for 7 consecutive days in group E,and the equal volume of DMSO was given instead in group DMSO.Propofol 75 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally every 24 h for 7 consecutive days in group P,and the equal volume of fat emulsion was injected instead in group F.Propofol 75 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally,and 17β estradiol 600 μg/kg was injected subcutaneously every 24 h for 7 consecutive days in group PE.Propofol 75 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally,17β estradiol 600 μg/kg was injected subcutaneously,and U0126 10 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally every 24 h for 7 consecutive days in group PEU.At 15 min after the last injection,3 rats in each group were randomly selected,and arterial blood samples from the cardiac apex were collected for determination of arterial oxygen partial pressure.The animals were sacrificed at 24 h after the last injection for determination of the expression of activated caspase-3 (by immunohistochemistry) and p-ERK1/2 (by Western blot).Results There was no significant difference in arterial oxygen partial pressure between the six groups (P＞0.05).Compared with group F,the expression of activated caspase-3 was significantly up-regulated,and the expression of p-ERK1/2 was downregulated in group P (P＜0.05).Compared with group P,the expression of activated caspase-3 was significantly down-regulated,and the expression of p-ERK1/2 was up-regulated in group PE (P＜0.05).Compared with group PE,the expression of activated caspase-3 was significantly up-regulated,and the expression of p-ERK1/2 was down-regulated in group PEU (P＜0.05).Conclusion The mechanism by which 17β estradiol inhibits propofol-caused neuroapoptosis in the hippocampus is related to up-regulation of the expression of p-ERK1/2 in newborn rats.
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Objective To evaluate the effect of TBL (team-based learning) method in pharmacology teaching for the foreign students of clinical medicine. Methods In the course of pharmacology teaching of the foreign students of clinical medicine, TBL method was performed in the 2012-year students and tradi-tional teaching method was performed in the 2011-year students. After the teaching, students' grades in the ordinary performance, their final exam scores and their evaluation of the two teaching methods were com-pared. Graph pad 5 was used to analyze the data and the t test was performed. Results The average ordi-nary performance of the students with TBL was significantly higher than that with the traditional teaching [(84.94 ±12.66) vs. (72.30 ±4.90), P=0.000] and the final examination scores were significantly im-proved [(74.00±6.76) vs. (69.00±6.20), P=0.023]. The survey showed students were more satisfied with the TBL teaching mode than traditional teaching mode [(8.40±0.71) vs. (7.12±1.07), P=0.000]. Conclusion TBL teach-ing mode can effectively improve the pharmacology teaching effect of foreign students.
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Objective To apply the hydrocolloid dressings and hydrocolloid dressings combined GreenCream Dressing for central venous catheterization fixing, and to explore the effect of hydrocolloid dressings combined GreenCream Dressing in the prevention of venous catheter bacterial colonization and bacterial infection. Methods 470 patients who underwent the Inferior vena cava catheter were divided into 230 patients in the control group and 240 patients in the experimental group. The control group was fixed with hydrocolloid dressings after central venous catheter, and the experimental group was fixed with hydrocolloid dressings combined GreenCream Dressing after central vein catheter. The measurements included catheter bacterial colonization, catheter-related infections (CRIs) and catheter related blood stream infections (CR-BSIs), pathogenic bacteria colonization of the skin. At the same time, the skin safety was also confirmed. Results In the control group, 230 cases were retained for 1 419 catheter-days, and 240 cases in the experimental group were retained for 1 675 catheter-days. Compared with hydrocolloid dressings, hydrocolloid dressing combined GreenCream Dressing could reduce the incidence of CRIs from 1.8‰(3/1 675) to 0.7‰(1/1 675), and CR-BSIs from 2.4‰(4/1 675) to 0.7‰(1/1 675) respectively, with the statistically significant (χ2=6.39, 95%CI 1.30-31.41, andχ2=6.21, 95%CI 1.56-40.82;P<0.05). The results of bacterial colonization, CRIs and CR-BSIs showed that the most common bacteria were Staphylococcus and fungi. At the same time, compared with the hydrocolloid dressing, hydrocolloid dressing combined GreenCream dressing could reduce the incidence of skin pathogenic bacteria colonization, from 41.74%(96/230) to 28.33%(68/230),with the statistically significant (χ2=9.29,P=0.00);There was no difference between the two groups in the field of the incidence of abnormal skin manifestation (χ2=1.23, P=0.30), showing a good safety. Conclusions Hydrocolloid dressing combined GreenCream Dressing would be more effective to prevent bacterial colonization and bacterial infection of central venous catheter in department of neurosurgery.
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Objective To evaluate the effect of 17β estradiol pretreatment on inflammatory responses during propofol-induced apoptosis in hippocampal nerve cells of developing rats.Methods Thirty-nine pathogen-free healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats,aged 7 days,weighing 11-18 g,were divided into 3 groups (n =13 each) using a random number table:fat emulsion group (group F),propofol group (group P) and propofol plus 17β estradiol group (group P+E).Propofol 75 mg/kg was intraperitoneally injected once every 24 h for 7 consecutive days in group P,and the equal volume of fat emulsion was given instead in group F.In group P+E,17β estradiol 600 μg/kg was subcutaneously injected,and 30 min later propofol 75 mg/kg was intraperitoneally injected once every 24 h for 7 consecutive days.The rats were sacrificed at 24 h after the last injection,the brains were removed and hippocampi were isolated for determination of activated caspase-3 expression (using Western blot) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) contents (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay).Results The levels of activated caspase-3,IL-1β and TNF-α in hippocampi were significantly higher in group P than in group F (P＜ 0.05).The levels of activated caspase-3,IL-1β and TNF-α in hippocampi were significantly lower in group P+E than in group P (P＜0.05).Conclusion The mechanism by which 17β estradiol pretreatment inhibits propofol-induced apoptosis in hippocampal nerve cells is related to inhibition of inflammatory responses of developing rats.
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In the teaching of pharmacology theory,there are some problems such as single teaching content,rigid teaching form and students' lack of initiative,interest and participation,as well as the deficiency of students' attitude towards experiment,the concept of animal protection and the ability to solve problems independently.Based on the training of students' comprehensive ability,this study attempts to enrich theoretical teaching contents and forms,contents and methods of innovative experimental teaching,and improve the assessment system.The results show that through the adjustment of the teaching methods of pharmacology theory and the improvement of experimental teaching content and assessment methods,students are further strengthened in mastering the basic knowledge of curriculum and improving the experimental operation ability.
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Objective To analyze and investigate the changes of serum related lipid levels before and after taking antipsychotic drugs in the patients with schizophrenia .Methods The clinical data of 63 patients with schizophrenia treated in our hospital from August 2014 to August 2016 were retrospectively analyzed .Results The LDL-C ,TG and TC levels at 8 weeks after taking medica-tion in the observation group were significantly increased ,the difference was statistically significant compared with before treatment (P0 .05);the PANSS and ADL scores after medication had statistically significant difference between the two groups ;the concerned different symptoms scores ,general psychopathology and total scores of the observation group were significantly lower than those of the control group (P<0 .05) ,the life quality SF-36 health questionnaire score and comparison after 1 months of medication showed that the scores of various indexes in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group ,the differences between groups were significantly significant (P<0 .05) .Conclusion The study shows that tak-ing Risperidone Orally Disintegrating Tablets combined with oxazepam can obtain ideal clinical effect in treating schizophrenia .The combined treatment regimen can better improve the clinical symptoms of the patients ,increases the ability of daily living and quality of life ,effectively improves the LDL-C ,TG and TC levels ,effectively reduces various adverse reactions ,and is a safe and effective treatment regimen and worthy of promotion .
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Objective To investigate the effect of DRAM1 on the acute ischemic injury of H9C2 cardiomyocytes. Methods H9C2 cardiomyocytes were treated with Oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) after DRAM1 adenovirus transfection. MTT assay was performed to detect cell viability and Annex V/PI staining was used to analyze the cell apoptosis. Western blot was performed to measure the expression of P62. Results DRAM1 overexpression increased the H9C2 cardiomycytes viability after OGD treatment for 12 hours. DRAM1 overexpression was attenuated, while siRNA-AD-DRAM1 exacerbated the apoptosis rate of H9C2 cardiomycytes after OGD treatment for 12 hours by Annex V/PI staining. P62 protein expression was increased in the H9C2 cardiomycytes after OGD treatment for 12 hours, which was reversed by DRAM1 overexpression. Conclusion DRAM1 may protect H9C2 cardiomycytes against OGD injury due to the improvement of the autophagy flux.
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Objective To investigate whether expression quantity of HLA-B27 and its subtypes associated with incidence of AS,the gene expression of HLA-B27 and its subtypes were detected in patients with AS.Methods 120 cases patients sus-pected with AS and 50 healthy subjects were enrolled in the study.Main demographic and clinical characteristics of the sub-jects were collected.Meanwhile total RNA was isolated from peripheral blood and real time RT-PCR was used to measure the quantitative expression of HLA-B27 gene.Besides RT-PCR,sequence-based typing (SBT)method was used to confirm the HLA-B27 subtype.All experimental data were analyzed by SPSS17.0 software and P values <0.05 were considered to be significant.Results Firstly,there were 55 subjects were finally diagnosed as AS patients among the 120 patients suspec-ted with AS.There were 53 subjects whose HLA-B27 was positive (96.36%)in 55 patients with AS.It showed that there was a correlation between BASDAI and expression quantity of HLA-B27 gene (r=0.845,P =0.000).Five subtypes were found and which were HLA-B27∶04 subtype (29/53,54.72%),HLA-B27:05 subtype (20/53,37.74%),HLA-B27 ∶02 subtype (2/53,3.77%),HLA-B27∶03 subtype (1/53,1.89%)and HLA-B27∶07 subtype (1/53,1.89%),respectively. Among the 50 healthy subjects,there were only one kind of subtype (2/50,4%),which was HLA-B27∶04.There were no statistical difference in the age (t=0.711,P =0.480),sex (χ2 =0.880,P =0.348),family history (χ2 =0.011,P =0.916) and treatment (χ2 =0.113,P =0.736)between the HLA-B27∶04 and HLA-B27∶05 subtypes.Conclusion HLA-B27∶04 and HLA-B27∶05 were primary subtypes in AS patients which HLA-B27 positive.There was a correlation between gene expression quantity of HLA-B27 and AS disease activity index.
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Objective To compare PCR-SBT to IMS-ELISA in the HLA-B27 detection in the ankylosing spondylitis (AS)pa-tients.Methods Simultaneously,PCR-SBT and IMS-ELISA were used to detect the HLA-B27 expression in peripheral blood samples which were suspected patients with AS from 120 cases.Chisquare test of paired design and the area under curve of receiver operating characteristics of SPSS17.0 software were used to evaluate the value of PCR-SBT and IMS-ELISA in HLA-B27 detection of AS patients.Results Among 120 cases of suspected patients with AS,the positive rates of HLA-B27 detected by PCR-SBT and IMS-ELISA were 45.83%(55/120)and 37.50% (45/120),respectively.There was statistical difference between the two methods in the HLA-B27 detection (χ2 =59.455,P =0.000).The sensibility and spe-cificity of PCR-SBT were 96.36% and 96.92%,respectively.While the sensibility and the specificity of IMS-ELISA were 69.09% and 89.23%,respectively.Area under the curve of two methods were 0.966 and 0.792,respectively.Conclusion In comparison with IMS-ELISA,the sensibility and the specificity of PCR-SBT in HLA-B27 detection were higher in AS diag-nosis,that is to say,PCR-SBT is better in HLA-B27 detection and AS diagnosis.
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Problem based learning(PBL) is a teaching mode which is based on the autonomous learning of students in small groups.Due to the limited conditions,PBL method can not be widely applied in Guangzhou Medical University.Teaching and research section of pharmacology established a web based PBL teaching mode (W-PBL) in the school through Blackboard net platform,which enlarged the teaching scope and provided students and teachers with a teaching mode having updated learning patterns and high efficiency.Results of this practice were satisfactory and teaching effect was improved significantly.
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AIM: To activate hepatic stellate cells (HSC) in vitro in precision-cut liver slices (PCLS) stimulated by acetaldehyde for studying and screening anti-fibrotic drugs. METHODS: PCLS were prepared by the vibratome, and incubated with 700 ?m?L~-1 acetaldehyde for 0, 2, 4 and 6 h. The medium and homogenate were retained to determine glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and hydroxyproline (Hyp) content. PCLS were prepared for paraffin sections. The expression of ?-smooth muscle actin (?-SMA) was evaluated by immunohistochemistry, and the result was analyzed with image analysis software. RESULTS: The leakages of GST and LDH were increased significantly compared with those in 0 h group (P
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Objective:To investigate the effect of DNA vaccine expressed Helicobacter pylori(Hp) oipA on protecting against Hp infection.Methods:The ORFs of Hp oipA had been inserted into the eukaryotic expressing vector pVAX1 and SGC-7901 cells had been transfected with recombinant plasmid pVAX1-oipA. The expression of oipA had been detected by RT-PCR and ELISA. After extracted and purified, pVAX1-oipA had been injected into BALB/c mice through muscles of right leg one time each week for three weeks(100 ?g each mouse). pVAX1 blank and normal saline had been used as the control groups. Titer of antibodies had been detected by ELISA two months after the last immunization. Based on the confirmation of immunological response in the pVAX1 groups, mice had been given orogastric challenged with live Hp Sydney strain three times(0.5?108/0.5 ml each mouse). Four weeks after challenge, mice had been sacrificed. Histological change and the colonization of Hp in the gastric mucosa had been detected by urease test, the culture of Hp, and electronic microscopy.Results:SGC-7901 cells transfected with pVAX1-oipA had expressed corresponding production at the level of transcription and translation. Immunized mice had been induced anti-oipA antibodies. After challenged with bacterium, as contrast to immunized mice groups injected with pVAX1-oipA, pVAX1 blank, normal saline, the positive rate of urease test of gastric mucosa was 0(0/10), 90%(9/10), 100%(5/5)respectively,the positive rate of cultures of Hp was 20%(2/10), 90%(9/10), 100%(5/5)respectively. Histological findings: the different degree of erosion had been observed in control group, but 80%(8/10)of gastric mucosa were normal in immunized mice.Conclusion:oipA DNA could induce effective immune response in protection against Hp infection.
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Aim To investigate effects of indole-3-carbinol (I3C) on hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activated by acetaldehyde in precision-cut liver slices (PCLS). Methods PCLS were incubated with 700 ?mol?L-1 acetaldehyde and 200 ~ 800 ?mol?L-1 I3C for 6 h. The expression of ?-smooth muscle actin(?-SMA) in liver slices was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The leakages of glutathione S-transferase (GST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and content of transforming growth factor-?1 (TGF-?1) in media were assayed. Contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydroxyproline (Hyp) in tissue were also determined. Expressions of matrix metalloproteinases-1 (MMP-1) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP-1) in media were analyzed by the western blot. Results The increase of activated HSCs due to acetaldehyde was inhibited by I3C (200~800 ?mol?L-1). Meanwhile, I3C treatment (200~800 ?mol?L-1) showed significant and concentration-dependent antagonistic actions on the increment of GST, LDH leakages into the media and MDA, Hyp contents in tissues induced by acetaldehyde. The increase of TGF-?1 was also remarkable inversed by I3C (200~800 ?mol?L-1). As compared with acetaldehyde group, the ratio of MMP-1/TIMP-1 was increased significantly by I3C treatment (800 ?mol?L-1)(P