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Objective To examine the teaching effects of case-based learning in the class of functional experiment. Methods Students (n=139) of five-year clinical medicine specialty were ran-domly divided into control group (n=70) and case group (n=69). The students of control group were taught with traditional teaching method and the case-based learning was adapted in the case group. Namely the clinical cases were led into teaching and the teaching process was completed through case import, problem sets, and the literature review and discussion. The teaching effects were evaluated through questionnaire survey (Analysis by the χ2-test, the test level is 0.05) and the analysis of test scores (Analysis by the t-test, the test level is 0.05). Results The score of the case group was better than the control group in the operation test (P=0.042 0). The total evaluating score and test score were also better in the case group in comparing to the control group (P=0.007 8 or P=0.008 2). As indicated by the questionnaire survey, more than 80%students thought the case teaching method could improve their learning interests and the independent learning abilities. Moreover, the skills of problem analysis and knowledge application were increased through case teaching. Conclusion The teaching effects of case-based learning were superior to the traditional teaching.
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Aim To investigate the pharmacodynamic experiment and molecular mechanisms of a diterpenoid from cortex pseudolaricis, pseudolaric acid B ( PB ) , on immunoregulation. Methods The mouse models of contact hypersensitivity ( CHS) were induced by 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene ( DNFB ) . Then , the ear swelling and spleen index were measured after administered o-rally with PB. The pathological changes such as in-flammatory cell infiltration in ear skin were observed by hematoxylin and eosin ( HE ) staining. Besides, the expression of peroxisome proliferater-activated receptorγ ( PPARγ) and the phosphorylation of Akt were ana-lyzed by Western blot. The activity of PPARγ was fur-ther detected by luciferase reporter gene assay. Results The results showed that PB could both alleviate the ear thickness, inhibit the spleen index, and reduce the inflammatory degree of their ear skin, which might be involved in inducing PPARγexpression and activation, associated with suppressing Akt signaling pathway. Conclusion It is suggested that PB might regulate PPARγ-related Akt pathway, which indicates the pos-sibility of developing PB as a novel immunoregulation agent for treating inflammatory-immune disease.
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Objective To evaluate the effect of hydrogen (H2) inhalation on brain injury in septic mice.Methods One hundred and eighty male ICR mice,aged 6-8 weeks,weighing 20-25 g,were randomly divided into 4 groups (n =45 each) using a random number table:sham operation group (SH group),H2 group,sepsis group (S group) and sepsis + H2 group (S + H2 group).Sepsis was produced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in chloral hydrate-anesthetized mice.H2 and S + H2 groups inhaled 2％ H2 for 1 h starting from 1 and 6 h after CLP.At 7,12 and 24 h after CLP,6 mice in each group were sacrificed and brains were removed for determination of Evans Blue (EB) and water contents in brain tissues.Another 6 mice in each group were chosen at 7,12 and 24 h after CLP,blood samples were obtained,the mice were then sacrificed and brains were removed to measure the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α),high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in serum and brain tissues by ELISA.Three mice in each group were sacrificed at 24 h after LPS and brains were removed for microscopic examination of pathological changes in hippocampal CA1 region.Six mice in each group were sacrificed at 24 h after LPS and brains were removed for determination of the expression of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in brain tissues by Western blot.Results Compared with SH group,the contents of EB and water in brain tissues were significantly increased,and the levels of TNF-α,HMGB1 and IL-10 in serum and brain tissues were increased at 7,12 and 24 h after CLP,and the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 in brain tissues was up-regulated at 24 h after CLP in S and CLP + H2 groups,and no significant difference was found in the index above in H2 group.Compared with S group,the contents of EB and water in brain tissues were significantly decreased,the levels of TNF-α and HMGB1 in serum and brain tissues were decreased and the level of IL-10 in serum and brain tissues was increased at 7,12 and 24 h after CLP,and the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 in brain tissues was up-regulated at 24 h after CLP and the pathological changes were attenuated in group CLP + H2.Conclusion H2 inhalation can attenuate brain injury in septic mice and the mechanism is related to activation of Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway and inhibition of inflammatory responses.
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Th22,a new subset of helper T cells,which is char-acterized by the secretion of interleukin-22(IL-22),could infil-trate to the epidermis in individuals with inflammatory skin disor-ders.This article introduces the action of Th22 and IL-22 in in-flammatory skin diseases,including psoriasis,atopic dermatitis, systemic lupus erythematosus,systemic sclerosis,aiming at re-vealing the role of Th22 and IL-22 in these diseases,which would not only provide some novel targets of drugs for inflamma-tory skin diseases,but also promote the researches on the pre-vention and treatment of these diseases.
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Objective To investigate the role of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in the protective effects of hydrogen against cerebral dysfunction in a mouse model of sepsis.Methods Male ICR mice were randomly divided into sham operation group,hydrogen control group,sepsis group and hydrogen treatment group,with 20 in each group.Sepsis model was reproduced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP).2％ hydrogen inhalation was given for 1 hour at 1 hour and 6 hours after operation in hydrogen treatment group.The brain tissues were obtained at 24 hours after operation.The histopathologic changes and neuron apoptosis in the hippocampus were observed under the microscope.The expressions of nucleus and total Nrf2 in hippocampus were detected by Western Blot.The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD),catalase (CAT),malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-PGF2α)in hippocampus were also detected.The changes of learning and memory abilities were observed by Morris water maze test at day 4 to 9 after operation.Results Compared with the sham operation and hydrogen control groups,in the sepsis group,the number of normal pyramidal neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region was markedly reduced,the apoptotic index was marked increased,the expressions of nucleus and total Nrf2 were partly increased,the activities of SOD and CAT in the hippocampus were significantly decreased,and the levels of MDA and 8-iso-PGF2α were markedly increased,the escape latency at day 4 to 8 after operation was significantly extended,and there was no difference in swimming speed,the percentage of time in the target quadrant and the times of the platform crossing were significantly decreased on probe day.Compared with the sepsis group,in the hydrogen treatment group,the number of normal pyramidal neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region was markedly increased (67.33 ± 6.89 vs.42.33 ± 6.02,P＜0.01),the apoptotic index was dramatically reduced [(30.00 ± 4.77)％ vs.(80.50 ± 6.99)％,P＜0.01],the expressions of nucleus and total Nrf2 were significantly increased [nucleus Nrf2 (A value):5.07 ± 0.35 vs.3.04 ± 0.34,total Nrf2 (A value):4.24 ± 0.58 vs.2.91 ± 0.37,both P＜0.01],the activities of SOD and CAT in the hippocampus were significantly increased [SOD (U/mg):120.96 ± 13.44 vs.81.16 ± 12.28,CAT (U/mg):9.11 ± 1.28 vs.5.64 ± 1.88,both P＜0.01],and the levels of MDA and 8-iso-PGF2α were markedly reduced [MDA (nmol/mg):16.12 ± 1.49 vs.27.64 ± 1.87,8-iso-PGF2α (pg/mg):183.43 ± 13.07 vs.864.07 ± 49.92,both P＜0.01],the escape latency at day 5 to 8 after operation was significantly shortened,and there was no difference in swimming speed,the percentage of time in the target quadrant [(37.06 ± 1.16)％ vs.(24.42 ± 1.82)％,P＜0.01] and the times of the platform crossing (7.13 ± 0.98 vs.4.88 ± 0.99,P＜0.01) were significantly increased on probe day.There was no statistical difference in above indexes between sham operation group and hydrogen control group.Conclusion Hydrogen inhalation can ameliorate pathological injury in brain and impairment of learning and memory abilities of septic mice,which may be associated with the up-regulation of Nrf2,the increase of antioxidant enzymes activities and the decrease of oxidative products.
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How to test and assess is related to the teaching objectives,teaching ideas,teaching effectiveness and development.And it's also the key factor of experiment teaching reform.Formative evalution system was researched and practiced in the functional experiment.It was tested through questionnaire survey and analysis of paper.
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The article expatiated on the process of rabbit respiration regulation and respiratory failure designing experiment.It can fully excitate students'potential and strengthen the teaching effects.It is very important for cultivating students'synthesis diathesis and abilities.
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In order to adapt to the demand of raising high quality talented person and to strengthen student's comprehensive quality,we have carried on the reform to the medicine function experiment test.After discussions and practices in recent years,we have established a set of relative consummate inspection systems of functional experiment of medicine.The investigation result has demonstrated that the inspection system after reform has a remarkable function on training the students' begins ability,observation ability and the ability to analysis and solve questions.
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Objective To explore the antibacterial activity of the baicalin injection in vitro.Methods The broth doubling dilution method has been adopted.And the minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC)and minimum bactericidal concentration(MBC)of baicalin injection on 161 common pathogenic bacteria obtained from clinical practice were determined.Results The MIC range of baicalin against clinically common pathogenic bacteria is 0.1～50mg/ml and the MBC range is 0.2～50mg/ml.The MIC and MBC against staphylococci is remarkably lower than those against other bacteria,with the MIC range of 0.1～6.3mg/ml and MBC range of 0.2～12.5 respectivel.The MIC50,MIC90 are respectively 0.4mg/ml and 0.8mg/ml.Conclusions The baicalin injection possesses various levels of inhibitory effect on manifold pathogenic bacteria,especially the antibacterial effect on the staphylococci.
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To pay attention to functional virtual laboratory,we can make new networks management,open laboratory and develop students' innovative ability.
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AIM: To observe the changes of interleukin-6(IL-6), IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor-?(TNF-?) in serum and lung at different time, and the effects of anisodamine (654-2) treatment in rats with oleic acid-induced ARDS. METHODS: The ARDS model induced by intravenous injection of oleic acid in the rat was used and levels of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-? in serum and lung tissue supernatant were measured using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: Levels of serum and lung tissue IL-6, IL-8, TNF-? in oleic acid type ARDS 4 h group were increased significantly. These cytokines in oleic acid type ARDS 8 h group were lower than that of ARDS 4 h group, but serum IL-6, TNF-? and lung tissue IL-6 were still higher than that of control group . In oleic acid type ARDS 16 h group, serum IL-6, TNF-? were lower than that of the ARDS 8 h group and serum TNF-? and lung tissue IL-6 were higher than that of control group. After 654-2 treatment, the levels of serum and lung tissue IL-6, TNF-? were decreased significantly. CONCLUSION: IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-? might play important roles in the oleic acid-induced ARDS in the rat. 654-2 might alleviate ARDS by inhibiting excess production of IL-6 and TNF-?.
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AIM: To observe the dynamic changes of interleukin-4(IL-4),IL-10,IL-12 in rat serum and lung tissues during acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). METHODS: The ARDS model of rats was induced by intravenous injection of oleic acid. The levels of IL-4 ,IL-10,IL-12 in serum and the supernatant of lung tissues were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: The Levels of serum and lung IL-10,IL-12 in ARDS rats were increased in 4 h ,8 h,16 h group compared with control group . The levels in IL-10 in serum in 16 h group and IL-10 in lung tissues of 8 h group were lower than that in 4 h group. The Levels of IL-4 in serum in 4 h, 8 h group were higher than that in control group , while IL-4 in 16 h group was lower than that in 8 h group. IL-4 of lung tissues in 4 h,8 h,16 h group were increased significantly,but in 16 h group were lower than that in 8 h group. The biggest changes of pulmonary coefficient and histopathology were observed at 4 h after injection of oleic acid. CONCLUSIONS: IL-4,IL-10 and IL-12 might play important roles in inflammatory reaction induced by oleic acid. The pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines produced successively during ARDS. The relationship between unbalanced cytokines and lung injury in ARDS needs to be further studied.