ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate potential biomarkers for different types of hand, foot and mouth disease(HFMD). Methods Nuclear magnetic resonance( NMR)-based metabolomics methods were used to analyze the metabolic differences in serum of HFMD and healthy controls. Partial least squares dis-criminant analysis(PLS-DA)and orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA) were used for analysis of metabolite profiles. Differential statistical analysis was performed by t tests using GraphPad Prism 5 software. Results The levels of lipid,leucine,valine,β-hydroxybutyric acid,acetone,glucose,glyco-protein,glycerol,glycine,choline,trimethylamine oxide and lactate in HFMD increased significantly compared with healthy controls,whereas the levels of acetic acid and creatine decreased significantly. Additionally,the level of acetone further increased in the severe type of HFMD compared with the mild type,whereas the lev-els of lipid and trimethylamine oxide decreased. Conclusion These statistically significant differences are in-volved in lipid metabolism,glucose metabolism and protein metabolism in different types of HFMD. Lipid, acetone and trimethylamine oxide can be used as potential biomarkers of HFMD.
ABSTRACT
Objective@#To investigate potential biomarkers for different types of hand, foot and mouth disease(HFMD).@*Methods@#Nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)-based metabolomics methods were used to analyze the metabolic differences in serum of HFMD and healthy controls.Partial least squares discriminant analysis(PLS-DA)and orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA)were used for analysis of metabolite profiles.Differential statistical analysis was performed by t tests using GraphPad Prism 5 software.@*Results@#The levels of lipid, leucine, valine, β-hydroxybutyric acid, acetone, glucose, glycoprotein, glycerol, glycine, choline, trimethylamine oxide and lactate in HFMD increased significantly compared with healthy controls, whereas the levels of acetic acid and creatine decreased significantly.Additionally, the level of acetone further increased in the severe type of HFMD compared with the mild type, whereas the levels of lipid and trimethylamine oxide decreased.@*Conclusion@#These statistically significant differences are involved in lipid metabolism, glucose metabolism and protein metabolism in different types of HFMD.Lipid, acetone and trimethylamine oxide can be used as potential biomarkers of HFMD.
ABSTRACT
Laryngopharyngeal reflux is an independent disease that affects the quality of life in children,but its pathogenesis is not clear and its diagnostic criteria is not unified.With the reports of laryngopharyngeal reflux continuing to emerge in recent years,this study aims to review the progress in pathogenesis,diagnosis and treatment of laryngopharyngeal reflux in children.