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Objective:To investigate the value of CD64 index and C-reactive protein (CRP)/albumin (Alb) ratio (CRP/Alb) in predicting infection after modified radical mastectomy for breast cancer.Methods:The clinical data of 203 breast cancer patients who underwent modified radical mastectomy from January 2018 to August 2021 in Anhui No.2 Provincial People's Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. All cases were divided into infection group (40 cases) and non-infection group (163 cases) according to whether they were infected at the 1st month after operation. On the 1st day after operation, the serum CD64 index was measured by using flow cytometry, the serum CRP and Alb levels were measured by using immunoturbidimetry, and the CRP/Alb was calculated. The values of CD64 index and CRP/Alb in the diagnosis of infection after modified radical mastectomy for breast cancer were evaluated by using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The factors influencing infection after modified radical mastectomy for breast cancer were explored by using multivariate logistic regression.Results:The levels of CD64 index, CRP, CRP/Alb in the infection group were higher than those in the non-infection group [5.7±1.1 vs. 1.5±0.3, t = 32.05, P < 0.001; (78±13) mg/L vs. (11±3) mg/L, t = 39.26, P <0.001; 3.09±0.42 vs. 0.36±0.02, t = 57.48, P < 0.001], and the level of Alb in the infection group was lower than that in the non-infection group [(25±3) g/L vs. (32±4) g/L, t = 8.37, P < 0.001]. There were statistically significant differences in the catheterization time, CD64 index and CRP/Alb between the infection group and non-infection group (all P < 0.05); multivariate logistic regression showed that catheterization time >9 d, CD64 index >42.65 and CRP/Alb >1.25 were risk influencing factors of infection after modified radical mastectomy for breast cancer (all P < 0.001). The ROC curve results showed that the area under the curve, sensitivity, and specificity of CD64 index in the diagnosis of infection after modified radical mastectomy for breast cancer were 0.804, 89.5% and 85.4%, the CRP were 0.712, 70.6% and 76.5%, the Alb were 0.766, 72.4% and 75.4%, and the CRP/Alb ratio were 0.856, 88.0% and 90.5%. Conclusions:The CD64 index and CRP/Alb have certain values in the prediction of infection after modified radical mastectomy for breast cancer.
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Background Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one of the most widely distributed and harmful organic pollutants in the atmosphere. Objective To investigate the distribution characteristics and composition sources of PAHs in the atmosphere of two districts of Lanzhou from 2019 to 2020 and evaluate the health risks of PAHs via inhalation to different populations. Methods The PAHs concentrations in two urban areas (Chengguan District and Xigu District) of Lanzhou City from January 2019 to December 2020 were regularly monitored. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare differences in target pollutant concentrations between the two areas. Diagnostic ratio method and principal component analysis were adopted for source identification. Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) model was applied to evaluate the health risks of PAHs. Results The M (P25, P75) PAHs concentrations in Chengguan District and Xigu District were 24.04 (14.59, 41.81) ng·m−3 and 25.97 (18.59, 42.56) ng·m−3, respectively, with no significant difference (Z=−0.970, P>0.05). As to seasonal distribution, most PAHs monomer concentrations in Chengguan District were higher than those in Xigu District in summer, and the concentrations of benzo[a]anthracene and benzo[g,h,i]perylene in Chengguan District were also higher than those in Xigu District in spring and autumn (P<0.05), but there were no significant differences in PAHs monomer concentrations between the two urban areas in winter (P>0.05). Ring number of PAHs exhibited seasonal fluctuations. In winter and spring, the highest proportions in Chengguan District and Xigu District were both 4-ring PAHs (37.32%-41.73%, 35.20%-39.66%), and in summer and autumn, the highest proportions were both 2- and 3-ring PAHs (39.38%-49.54%, 47.17%-51.23%). The results of diagnostic ratio method revealed mixed atmospheric PAHs sources in the two urban areas, including fossil fuel, coal, and biomass combustion. The results of principal component analysis showed that the cumulative contribution rate of the four principal component factors reached 79.54%. Principal component 1 included phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene, benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, and benzo[a]pyrene; principal component 2 included acenaphthene and dibenzo[a,h]anthracene; principal component 3 was fluorene; principal component 4 was naphthalene. The results of health risk assessment showed that the ILCR values of adult males, adult females, and children in Chengguan District were 2.30×10−6, 2.16×10−6, and 1.73×10−6, respectively; and those in Xigu District were 1.58×10−6, 1.48×10−6, and 1.19×10−6, respectively; all were greater than 10−6. Conclusion PAHs pollution exists in the atmosphere of the two urban areas of Lanzhou City, mainly comes from mixed sources of fossil fuels, coal, and biomass burning, and may pose potential carcinogenic risks to the population.
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Background Air pollutants PM2.5 and its adsorbed metal elements are important factors affecting public health. Objective To explore the distribution characteristics and sources of metal elements in atmospheric PM2.5 in Lanzhou from 2019 to 2020, and to assess the health risks of metal elements to different groups of residents through inhalation. Methods From January 2019 to December 2020 in two districts of Lanzhou City (Chengguan District and Xigu District), regular PM2.5 and metal elements [antimony (Sb), aluminum (Al), arsenic (As), beryllium (Be), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), and thallium (Tl)] were regularly monitored, and their concentrations were described by the median (M) and 25th and 75th percentiles (P25, P75) as not following a normal distribution (because the detection rates of the five elements Be, Cr, Hg, Ni, and Se were less than 70%, the five elements were not included in subsequent analysis), and then compared with the secondary concentration limits in the Ambient Air Quality Standards (GB 3095-2012). The differences between the medians of the two groups were compared by the Mann-Whitney U rank sum test, and the differences among the medians of multiple groups were compared by the Kruskal-Wallis H rank sum test; the enrichment factor (EF) method and principal component analysis were used to evaluate the pollution degree of the metals and their sources; the health risks of five non-carcinogenic metals (Sb, Al, Pb, Mn, and Tl) and two carcinogenic metals (As and Cd) in PM2.5 were evaluated by hazard index (HI) and hazard quotient (HQ) using the incremental lifetime cancer risk (LCR) model and the non-carcinogenic risk assessment model, respectively. Results The PM2.5 concentrations [M (P25, P75)] in Lanzhou City were 38.50 (26.00, 65.00) and 41.00 (29.00, 63.10) μg·m−3 in 2019 and 2020, respectively, and the difference was not statistically significant (Z=−0.989, P > 0.05). The average levels of the metal elements from high to low were: Al > Pb > Mn > As > Cd > Sb > Tl, and the annual average concentration of each metal element in 2019 was higher than that in 2020 (P<0.05). The M ( P25, P75) of PM2.5 concentrations in Chengguan and Xigu districts were 52.98 (17.00, 61.00) and 55.40 (17.00, 67.00) μg·m−3, respectively, with no statistically significant differences (P<0.05); the concentrations of Sb and Al in Chengguan District were lower than those in Xigu District (P<0.05), and the concentrations of other metal elements were not different between the two areas (P>0.05). There were seasonal differences in the concentrations of PM2.5 and seven metal elements in Lanzhou City (except PAl=0.007, the other Ps < 0.001). The results of the enrichment factor method showed that the EF values of the six metals (Sb, Al, As, Cd, Pb and Tl) were all greater than 1. Among them, except As, the EF values of other metal elements were all greater than 10, and the EF values of Al and Cd were both greater than 100. The results of principal component analysis showed that the variance contributions of the three principal components were 45.61%, 24.22%, and 14.42%, and the cumulative contribution reached 84.25%. The principal component 1 included Pb, As, Cd, and Sb, the principal component 2 included Al and Mn, and the principal component 3 contained Tl. The non-carcinogenic risks of the five metals were, in descending order, Al > Mn > Pb > Tl > Sb, among which the HQ values of the remaining four metals were less than 1 for adults and children, except the HQ value of Al for adults, which was greater than 1. The ILC values of carcinogenic metal As for adult males, adult females, and children were 2.68×10−5, 2.51×10−5, and 1.45×10−5, respectively; the ILC values of carcinogenic metal Cd for adult males, adult females, and children were 1.53×10−6, 1.43×10−6, and 8.26×10−7, respectively. Conclusion There is pollution of atmospheric PM2.5 and its adsorbed metal elements in Lanzhou. As and Cd elements may pose potential carcinogenic risks to the residents.
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Objective@#To investigate the incidence and rank of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pneumoconiosis to the workers in different occupational positions in Jinchang Cohort.@*Methods@#In January 2014, a cohort of follow-up population in jinchang city was taken as the research object, 17843 individuals among follow-up populations in Jinchang Cohort Study, removed the individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pneumoconiosis before 2013, and counted the new incidence individuals diagnosed by the A-Class hospital in Grade III in Jinchang City, Gansu Province, as the investigation objects to investigate the incidence rate & rank of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pneumoconiosis. The statistical significance was tested by chi-square test.@*Results@#The 2-year incidence rate of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Pneumoconiosis in the population of Jinchang Cohort Study were 11.60‰, 13.51‰ for male and 8.46‰ for female. the ranks of 2-year incidence rates of chronic bronchitis, emphysema, pneumoconiosis and other phenotypes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were 7.06‰、3.42‰、0.84‰、0.34‰, respectively. Incidence rate of chronic bronchitis among administrators and executive staffs were 10.45‰; incidence rate of chronic bronchitis among service staffs were 10.45‰; incidence rate of pneumoconiosis among mining staffs were 3.44‰.@*Conclusion@#The first incidence rank of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pneumoconiosis in Jinchang cohort is chronic bronchitis, and the risk factors are smoking and occupational exposure.
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Objective@#To explore the clinical effect of artificial dermis on partial nail bed defects.@*Methods@#From May 2013 to September 2016, 16 cases of 21 fingers with partial nail bed defect and bone exposure received primary repair with artificial dermis after debridement. Then the outer dressing was changed 3 days after the operation, and the dressing was changed once every 3 to 5 days. The pink dermis like tissue was placed on the wound surface 2 to 3 weeks after the operation. The wound surface was naturally epithelialized.@*Results@#All the fingers were survived after artificial dermis repair, and the fingertip surface of nail bed defect was epithelialized naturally and healed well. Postoperative follow-up was 5 to 16 months, with an average of 8.2 months. The growth of fingernails was smooth with symmetrical appearance, natural toughness, good adhesion between the nail body and the nail bed, and no pain or hyperesthesia at the tip. Results of curative effect evaluation showed excellent in 18 fingers, good in 3 fingers. Results of patient′s satisfaction with postoperative finger appearance showed very satisfactory in 13 cases and satisfactory in 3 cases.@*Conclusions@#The method of repairing partial defect of nail bed using artificial dermis is simple with minimal damage and a good clinical effect.
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Objective To explore the etiology and epidemiological characteristics of fever and rash syndrome a mong children under the age of five years in Northwest China from 2009 to 2015.Methods Descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted based on the monitoring data in sentinel hospitals,which was from the information management system of national infectious disease monitoring from 2009 to 2015 in Gansu,Qinghai,Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang.Results The results showed that the major pathogens of fever and rash syndrome among children under the age of five years were enterovirus,measles virus,varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and rubella virus.The major pathogens among children in the age group of 0-years and in the age group of 1-5 years were measles virus and enteroviruses,respectively.Among the positive cases of enterovirus,the positive detectable rates of human enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackie A16 (CA16) were 47.18％ and 45.59％,respectively.The incidences of enterovirus and measles virus infection were mainly concentrated on May to July and March to May,respectively.Conclusions The major pathogens of fever and rash syndrome among children under the age of five years in Northwest china were enterovirus and measles virus with seasonal epidemic characteristics.Therefore,the prevention and control of measles and hand-foot-mouth disease should be strengthened.
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Objective To understand the dominant pathogens of febrile respiratory syndrome (FRS) patients in Gansu province and to establish the Bayes discriminant function in order to identify the patients infected with the dominant pathogens.Methods FRS patients were collected in various sentinel hospitals of Gansu province from 2009 to 2015 and the dominant pathogens were determined by describing the composition of pathogenic profile.Significant clinical variables were selected by stepwise discriminant analysis to establish the Bayes discriminant function.Results In the detection of pathogens for FRS,both influenza virus and rhinovirus showed higher positive rates than those caused by other viruses (13.79％,8.63％),that accounting for 54.38％,13.73％ of total viral positive patients.Most frequently detected bacteria would include Streptococcus pneumoniae,and haemophilus influenza (44.41％,18.07％) that accounting for 66.21％ and 24.55％ among the bacterial positive patients.The original-validated rate of discriminant function,established by 11 clinical variables,was 73.1％,with the cross-validated rate as 70.6％.Conclusion Influenza virus,Rhinovirus,Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae were the dominant pathogens of FRS in Gansu province.Results from the Bayes discriminant analysis showed both higher accuracy in the classification of dominant pathogens,and applicative value for FRS.
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Objective To explore the incidence and risk factors of gout in Jinchang cohort and provide scientific evidence for the prevention and control of gout.Methods People without gout detected by baseline survey in Jinchang cohort were selected as study subjects.All the subjects were followed up through questionnaire interview,physical examination as well as laboratory test from January 24,2013 to November 24,2015.Cox regression model was used to analyze the risk factors for gout in Jinchang cohort.In addition,log-linear model was used to analyze the interaction between risk factors.Results A total of 33 153 subjects were followed up,and there were 277 newly diagnosed gout cases in the cohort.The overall incidence of gout was 0.8％.The incidence of gout in males was higher than that in the females,but the incidence of gout in males and females was similar after the age of 60 years.Cox regression analysis showed that age ＞40 years (at age 40 to 59 years:HR=2.982,95％CI:1.503-5.981;at age 60 to 91 years:HR=2.588,95％CI:1.107-6.049),alcohol abuse (HR=2.234,95％CI:1.128-4.427),obesity (HR=2.204,95％CI:1.216-3.997),diabetes (HR=2.725,95％CI:1.500-4.950) and high uric acid (HR=5.963,95％CI:3.577-9.943) were risk factors for gout,while weekly beans intake ≥0.25 kg (HR=0.528,95％CI:0.345-0.808) and regular physical exercise (HR=0.499,95％ CI:0.286-0.869) were protective factors for gout.The analysis with log-linear model showed that there were two order effects between the risk factors.Conclusions Age,beans intake,alcohol abuse,physical exercises,obesity,diabetes and high uric acid were important factors influencing the incidence of gout.It is important to have healthy lifestyle and dietary habits,receive regular health examination to prevent and control the incidence of gout in this cohort.
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To evaluate the estimation of prevalence ratio (PR) by using bayesian log-binomial regression model and its application,we estimated the PR of medical care-seeking prevalence to caregivers' recognition of risk signs of diarrhea in their infants by using bayesian log-binomial regression model in Openbugs software.The results showed that caregivers' recognition of infant's risk signs of diarrhea was associated significantly with a 13％ increase of medical care-seeking.Meanwhile,we compared the differences in PR's point estimation and its interval estimation of medical care-seeking prevalence to caregivers' recognition of risk signs of diarrhea and convergence of three models (model 1:not adjusting for the covariates;model 2:adjusting for duration of caregivers' education,model 3:adjusting for distance between village and township and child month-age based on model 2) between bayesian log-binomial regression model and conventional log-binomial regression model.The results showed that all three bayesian log-binomial regression models were convergence and the estimated PRs were 1.130(95％CI:1.005-1.265),1.128(95％CI:1.001-1.264)and 1.132(95％CI:1.004-1.267),respectively.Conventional log-binomial regression model 1 and model 2 were convergence and their PRs were 1.130(95％ CI:1.055-1.206) and 1.126(95％ CI:1.051-1.203),respectively,but the model 3 was misconvergence,so COPY method was used to estimate PR,which was 1.125 (95％CI:1.051-1.200).In addition,the point estimation and interval estimation of PRs from three bayesian log-binomial regression models differed slightly from those of PRs from conventional log-binomial regression model,but they had a good consistency in estimating PR.Therefore,bayesian log-binomial regression model can effectively estimate PR with less misconvergence and have more advantages in application compared with conventional log-binomial regression model.
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Objective To reduce the cancer burden in the Jinchang cohort and provide evidence for developing cancer prevention strategies and performing effectiveness evaluation in the Jinchang cohort.We are fitting thirteen years of cancer mortality data from the Jinchang cohort by using six kinds of predicting methods to compare relative fitness and to select good predicting methods for the prediction of cancer mortality trends.Methods The mortality data of cancer in Jinchnag cohort from 2001-2013 were fitted using six kinds of predicting methods:dynamic series,linear regression,exponential smoothing,autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model,grey model (GM),and Joinpoint regression.Weight coefficients of combination models were calculated by four methods:the arithmetic average method,the variance inverse method,the mean square error inverse method,and the simple weighted average method.Results The cancer mortality was fitted and compared by using six kinds of forecasting methods;the fitting precision of the Joinpoint linear regression had the highest accuracy (87.64％),followed by linear regression (87.32％),the dynamic series (86.99％),GM (1,1) (86.25％),exponential smoothing (85.72％) and ARIMA (1,0,0) (81.98％),respectively.Prediction accuracy of the combination model derived from GM (1,1) and linear regression (＞99％) was higher than that of the combination model derived from ARIMA (1,0,0) and GM (1,1).The combination model derived from the GM (1,1) and linear regression,with weight coefficients based on the arithmetic average method and the mean square error inverse method,had the best prediction effect of the four weight calculation methods.Conclusion Prediction accuracy of the combination model,with accuracy ＞95％,was higher than that of the single prediction methods.
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Objective To understand the dominant pathogens of febrile respiratory syndrome (FRS) patients in Gansu province and to establish the Bayes discriminant function in order to identify the patients infected with the dominant pathogens.Methods FRS patients were collected in various sentinel hospitals of Gansu province from 2009 to 2015 and the dominant pathogens were determined by describing the composition of pathogenic profile.Significant clinical variables were selected by stepwise discriminant analysis to establish the Bayes discriminant function.Results In the detection of pathogens for FRS,both influenza virus and rhinovirus showed higher positive rates than those caused by other viruses (13.79％,8.63％),that accounting for 54.38％,13.73％ of total viral positive patients.Most frequently detected bacteria would include Streptococcus pneumoniae,and haemophilus influenza (44.41％,18.07％) that accounting for 66.21％ and 24.55％ among the bacterial positive patients.The original-validated rate of discriminant function,established by 11 clinical variables,was 73.1％,with the cross-validated rate as 70.6％.Conclusion Influenza virus,Rhinovirus,Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae were the dominant pathogens of FRS in Gansu province.Results from the Bayes discriminant analysis showed both higher accuracy in the classification of dominant pathogens,and applicative value for FRS.
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Objective To explore the incidence and risk factors of gout in Jinchang cohort and provide scientific evidence for the prevention and control of gout.Methods People without gout detected by baseline survey in Jinchang cohort were selected as study subjects.All the subjects were followed up through questionnaire interview,physical examination as well as laboratory test from January 24,2013 to November 24,2015.Cox regression model was used to analyze the risk factors for gout in Jinchang cohort.In addition,log-linear model was used to analyze the interaction between risk factors.Results A total of 33 153 subjects were followed up,and there were 277 newly diagnosed gout cases in the cohort.The overall incidence of gout was 0.8％.The incidence of gout in males was higher than that in the females,but the incidence of gout in males and females was similar after the age of 60 years.Cox regression analysis showed that age ＞40 years (at age 40 to 59 years:HR=2.982,95％CI:1.503-5.981;at age 60 to 91 years:HR=2.588,95％CI:1.107-6.049),alcohol abuse (HR=2.234,95％CI:1.128-4.427),obesity (HR=2.204,95％CI:1.216-3.997),diabetes (HR=2.725,95％CI:1.500-4.950) and high uric acid (HR=5.963,95％CI:3.577-9.943) were risk factors for gout,while weekly beans intake ≥0.25 kg (HR=0.528,95％CI:0.345-0.808) and regular physical exercise (HR=0.499,95％ CI:0.286-0.869) were protective factors for gout.The analysis with log-linear model showed that there were two order effects between the risk factors.Conclusions Age,beans intake,alcohol abuse,physical exercises,obesity,diabetes and high uric acid were important factors influencing the incidence of gout.It is important to have healthy lifestyle and dietary habits,receive regular health examination to prevent and control the incidence of gout in this cohort.
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To evaluate the estimation of prevalence ratio (PR) by using bayesian log-binomial regression model and its application,we estimated the PR of medical care-seeking prevalence to caregivers' recognition of risk signs of diarrhea in their infants by using bayesian log-binomial regression model in Openbugs software.The results showed that caregivers' recognition of infant's risk signs of diarrhea was associated significantly with a 13％ increase of medical care-seeking.Meanwhile,we compared the differences in PR's point estimation and its interval estimation of medical care-seeking prevalence to caregivers' recognition of risk signs of diarrhea and convergence of three models (model 1:not adjusting for the covariates;model 2:adjusting for duration of caregivers' education,model 3:adjusting for distance between village and township and child month-age based on model 2) between bayesian log-binomial regression model and conventional log-binomial regression model.The results showed that all three bayesian log-binomial regression models were convergence and the estimated PRs were 1.130(95％CI:1.005-1.265),1.128(95％CI:1.001-1.264)and 1.132(95％CI:1.004-1.267),respectively.Conventional log-binomial regression model 1 and model 2 were convergence and their PRs were 1.130(95％ CI:1.055-1.206) and 1.126(95％ CI:1.051-1.203),respectively,but the model 3 was misconvergence,so COPY method was used to estimate PR,which was 1.125 (95％CI:1.051-1.200).In addition,the point estimation and interval estimation of PRs from three bayesian log-binomial regression models differed slightly from those of PRs from conventional log-binomial regression model,but they had a good consistency in estimating PR.Therefore,bayesian log-binomial regression model can effectively estimate PR with less misconvergence and have more advantages in application compared with conventional log-binomial regression model.
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Objective To reduce the cancer burden in the Jinchang cohort and provide evidence for developing cancer prevention strategies and performing effectiveness evaluation in the Jinchang cohort.We are fitting thirteen years of cancer mortality data from the Jinchang cohort by using six kinds of predicting methods to compare relative fitness and to select good predicting methods for the prediction of cancer mortality trends.Methods The mortality data of cancer in Jinchnag cohort from 2001-2013 were fitted using six kinds of predicting methods:dynamic series,linear regression,exponential smoothing,autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model,grey model (GM),and Joinpoint regression.Weight coefficients of combination models were calculated by four methods:the arithmetic average method,the variance inverse method,the mean square error inverse method,and the simple weighted average method.Results The cancer mortality was fitted and compared by using six kinds of forecasting methods;the fitting precision of the Joinpoint linear regression had the highest accuracy (87.64％),followed by linear regression (87.32％),the dynamic series (86.99％),GM (1,1) (86.25％),exponential smoothing (85.72％) and ARIMA (1,0,0) (81.98％),respectively.Prediction accuracy of the combination model derived from GM (1,1) and linear regression (＞99％) was higher than that of the combination model derived from ARIMA (1,0,0) and GM (1,1).The combination model derived from the GM (1,1) and linear regression,with weight coefficients based on the arithmetic average method and the mean square error inverse method,had the best prediction effect of the four weight calculation methods.Conclusion Prediction accuracy of the combination model,with accuracy ＞95％,was higher than that of the single prediction methods.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the hot/cold spots and the spatial-temporal clustering of hepatitis B in Gansu province during 2009-2014 by using spatial statistics, and provide scientific evidence for the prevention and control of hepatitis B.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The spatial hot/cold spots and its trend, and the time frame and areas of its spatial-temporal clustering of hepatitis B in Gansu were analyzed by using the county specific incidence of hepatitis B from 2009 to 2014 and spatial statistical software GeoDa and SatScan.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The incidences of hepatitis B from 2009 to 2014 in Gansu were spatial autocorrelated respectively. Local G scan statistics indicated that the number of hot spots was in decline in Hexi area, while the hot spots was in increase in Linxia Hui autonomous prefecture and Gannan Tibetan autonomous prefecture. There was no obvious pattern in cold spots. Temporal-spatial scan statistics showed that the areas with high hepatitis B incidence most likely clustered in Hexi area during 2009-2011, and the areas with low hepatitis B incidence most likely clustered in eastern Gansu during 2012-2014.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The spatial and temporal clustering of hepatitis B was observed in Gansu from 2009 to 2014. The number of hot spots in Hexi area was in decline, while the numbers of hot spots in Linxia and Gannan were in increase, suggesting that the hepatitis B control and prevention in these areas should be strengthened.</p>
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Humans , China , Epidemiology , Cluster Analysis , Epidemiological Monitoring , Hepatitis B , Epidemiology , Incidence , Software , Spatio-Temporal AnalysisABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the disease burden caused by cancers in Jinchang cohort, and develop effective strategies for cancer prevention and control in this population.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The cancer mortality data from 2001 to 2013 and the medical records for cancer patients from 2001 to 2010 in Jinchang cohort were collected. The disease burden caused by cancer was analyzed by using mortality rate, potential years of life lost (PYLL), working PYLL (WPYLL), and direct economic burden.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>During 2001-2013, in Jinchang cohort, the five leading cancers ranked by mortality rate were lung cancer (78.06/100,000), gastric cancer (38.03/100,000), liver cancer (37.23/100,000), esophageal cancer (19.06/100,000), and colorectal cancer (9.53/100,000). The five leading cancers in terms of PYLL (person-years) and WPYLL (person-years) were lung cancer (3480.33, 1161.00), liver cancer (2809.03, 1475.00), gastric cancer (2120.54, 844.00), esophageal cancer (949.61, 315.00), and colorectal cancer (539.90, 246.00). From 2001 to 2010, the five leading cancers in term of average daily cost of hospitalization were gastric cancer (8,102.23 Yuan), esophageal cancer (7135.79 Yuan), colorectal cancer (7064.38 Yuan), breast cancer (6723.53 Yuan), and lung cancer (6309.39 Yuan).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The cancers common causing higher disease burden in Jinchang cohort were lung cancer, gastric cancer, liver cancer, esophageal cancer and colorectal cancer. The lung cancer disease burden was the highest.</p>
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Female , Humans , Male , Breast Neoplasms , Economics , Mortality , China , Epidemiology , Cohort Studies , Colorectal Neoplasms , Economics , Mortality , Cost of Illness , Esophageal Neoplasms , Economics , Mortality , Hospitalization , Economics , Liver Neoplasms , Economics , Mortality , Lung Neoplasms , Economics , Mortality , Neoplasms , Economics , Mortality , Stomach Neoplasms , Economics , MortalityABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the current status of lung cancer disease burden in Jinchang cohort.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In this historical cohort study, the mortality data of the lung cancer from 2001 to 2013 and medical records of the lung cancer cases from 2001 to 2010 in Jinchang cohort were used, analyze mortality, direct economic burden, potential years of life lost (PYLL) and working PYLL (WPYLL) associated with lung cancer.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 434 lung cancer deaths occurred in Jinchang cohort from 2001 to 2013. The crude mortality rate of lung cancer was 78.06 per 100,000 from 2001 to 2013, with the increasing rate of 4.77%. The mortality rate of lung cancer in males and females were about 108.90 per 100,000 and 26.08 per 100,000 with the increasing rate of 4.24% and 6.91%, respectively. During the thirteen years, the PYLL and average PYLL (APYLL) of lung cancer were 3 721.71 person-years and 8.58 years. The APYLL of lung cancer in females (15.94 years) was higher than that in males (7.87 years). The WPYLL and the average WPYLL (AWPYLL) of lung cancer were 1161.00 person-years and 2.68 years, respectively. The AWPYLL of lung cancer was also higher in females than in males. The direct economic burden of lung cancer from 2001 to 2010 in Jinchang cohort was 6309.39 Yuan per case with no increased trend.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Lung cancer is the main health problem in Jinchang cohort, causing heavy disease burden.</p>
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , China , Epidemiology , Cohort Studies , Cost of Illness , Lung Neoplasms , Economics , MortalityABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the current status of disease burden caused by gastric cancer in Jinchang cohort.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In this historical cohort study, the data of gastric cancer deaths from 2001 to 2013 and the medical records of gastric cancer cases from 2001 to 2010 in Jinchang cohort were collected to analyze the mortality, potential years of life lost (PYLL), working PYLL (WPYLL) associated with gastric cancer, and the medical expenditure data were used to evaluate the direct economic burden. Spearman correlation analysis and the average growth rate were used to describe the change trend of disease burden of gastric cancer.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 213 gastric cancer deaths occurred in Jinchang cohort from 2001 to 2013. The average annual crude mortality rate of gastric cancer was 38.30 per 100,000 in Jinchang cohort during 2001-2013 and no obvious change was observed. The crude mortality rate in males was 6.84 times higher than that in females. Gastric cancer death mainly occurred in age group 50-79 years (82.62%), while the mortality rates was increasing among the people under 50 years with an average annual increase rate of 0.77%. The annual average PYLL (APYLL) and average WPYLL (AWPYLL) caused by gastric cancer decreased by 8.43% and 10.46%, respectively. No obvious change in medical expenditure of gastric cancer cases was observed in Jinchang Cohort during 2001-2010, and the medical expenditure and average daily cost of hospitalization were 8102.23 Yuan, and 463.45 Yuan per capita, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The burden of disease for gastric cancer was heavy in Jinchang cohort. The PYLL and WPYLL had no change, while the APYLL and AWPYLL showed a increasing trend during the last ten years. Direct economic burden of inpatients with gastric cancer had no change.</p>
Subject(s)
Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , China , Epidemiology , Cohort Studies , Cost of Illness , Health Expenditures , Hospitalization , Economics , Stomach Neoplasms , Economics , MortalityABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the current status of the disease burden of liver cancer in Jinchang cohort.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>All the liver cancer death data from 2001 to 2013 and medical records of liver cancer cases from 2001 to 2010 in Jinchang cohort were collected for the analyses of the mortality, standardized mortality, potential years of life lost (PYLL) and working PYLL (WPYLL) associated with liver cancer. Spearman correlation and the average growth rate were used to analyze the trends.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 207 liver cancer deaths occurred in Jinchang cohort from 2001 to 2013, accounting for 16.68% of total cancer deaths. There were 259 liver cancer inpatients, accounting for 6.79% of the total cancer cases inpatients, in which 83 died (32.05%). Liver cancer death mainly occurred in males, accounting for 88.89%, and the liver cancer deaths in females accounted for 11.11%. The standardized mortality rate was 42.32/100,000 in males and 15.31/100,000 in females. The growth rate of liver cancer mortality was 5.62% from 2001 to 2013. Liver cancer deaths mainly occurred in age groups 60-69 years (26.57%) and 50-59 years (24.15%). The PYLL was 2906.76 person-years, the average PYLL was 14.04 years. The WPYLL was 1477.00 person-years and the average WPYLL was 7.14 years. The direct economic burden of liver cancer was 6270.78 Yuan per person, 301.75 Yuan per day. The average stay of hospitalization was 21.32 days.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The mortality rate of liver cancer is increasing and the disease burden is still heavy.</p>
Subject(s)
Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , China , Epidemiology , Cohort Studies , Cost of Illness , Hospitalization , Economics , Liver Neoplasms , Economics , MortalityABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the spatial-temporal specific incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in Gansu.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The county-based incidence of pulmonary TB in Gansu from 2009 to 2013 was used to calculate Moran's I and G statistics, and analyze the spatial-temporal distribution of areas with different pulmonary TB incidences.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The spatial correlation in incidence of pulmonary TB was found in Gansu from 2009 to 2013 (P<0.001), and the hot spot areas were mainly in Hexi area, Linxia, part of Dingxi, while the cold spot areas were in Lanzhou, part of Dingxi, Tianshui, Pingliang and Qingyang. Spatial-temporal analysis showed that the clustering of high pulmonary TB incidence areas were most likely in the Hexi area during 2009-2010 (LLR=3,031.10, RR=2.27, P<0.001), and the clustering of low pulmonary TB incidence areas were most likely in Lanzhou during 2011-2013 (LLR=1,545.52, RR=0.37, P<0.001).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The analysis on spatial and spatial-temporal specific incidences of pulmonary TB in Gansu from 2009 to 2013 indicated that Hexi area is the key area in pulmonary TB prevention and control in Gansu.</p>