ABSTRACT
Prunus mume is an edible and medicinal material, and Mume Fructus is its processed product, which was first recorded in Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica(Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing). It is an effective drug for stopping diarrhea with astringents and promoting fluid production to quiet ascaris. By consulting the ancient herbal works of the past dynasties, modern codes, and other rela-ted literature, this paper sorted out the medicinal evolution of Mume Fructus, examined the ancient efficacy of Mume Fructus and the main indications, and summarized the inclusion of Mume Fructus in national and provincial standards. It is recorded in the ancient herbal works of the past dynasties that Mume Fructus can be processed by various methods such as roasting, stir-frying or micro-frying, stir-frying with charcoal, single steaming, steaming with wine, and steaming after soaking in wine or vinegar, and prepared into pills, powders, and ointments, which are used in the treatment of fatigue, diabetes, malaria, dysentery, ascariasis, and other diseases. Mume Fructus has been included in nine editions of Chinese Pharmacopoeia and 19 provincial and municipal preparation specifications. The processing method of Mume Fructus is determined, namely, clean P. mume should be softened by moistening in water or steaming and pitted. By reviewing the effects of processing on its chemical composition, pharmacological effects, and its modern clinical application, this paper identified the following issues. The ancient application methods of Mume Fructus are diverse but less commonly used in modern times, there is a lack of standardized research on the processing, and the research on the changes caused by the difference in Mume Fructus before and after processing is not deep. Therefore, it is necessary to further investigate the change pattern of its chemical composition before and after processing and its correlation between its medicinal activity to standardize the processing technology and provide a solid basis for the use of Mume Fructus in parts and its quality control.
Subject(s)
Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology , Materia Medica/analysis , Fruit/chemistry , Quality Control , Prunus/chemistry , Medicine, Chinese TraditionalABSTRACT
Neuromuscular training includes muscle strength training, balance training, sensitivity training, proximal control training and proprioceptive training, which is an important rehabilitation training method after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Neuromuscular training can improve the neuromuscular control and stability of knee after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, and promote the recovery of motor ability. The effect of neuromuscular training is related with gender, age and training content, and needed more studies.
ABSTRACT
Results and Conclusion Totally, 1844 articles were included. The number of scientific research was increasing year by year; the United States had the highest number of papers. Research institutions were mainly composed of universities and medical institutions. There was a close cooperative relationship between high-yielding authors. The researchers mainly focused on the mechanism, prevention, rehabilitation treatment and so on. The research hotspot mainly included anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, neuromuscular training and return to sports. The injury rate of female was much higher than that of male. Safety education, neuromuscular training, warm-up activities such as FIFA 11+ contributed to the prevention of anterior cruciate ligament injury. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction was a common treatment in athletes, which could effectively reduce secondary injury. Limb symmetry index was an effective basis for judging return to sports after operation. Objective:To explore the research hotspot and contents of sports injury of anterior cruciate ligament. Methods:The literatures about anterior cruciate ligament injury in Web of Science from 2009 to 2018 were searched. CiteSpace was used to map the network of country/area, institution, authors and key words. The hotspot of cruciate ligament injury in recent ten years was also reviewed.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the in vitro effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), a NF-κB inhibitor, on the apoptosis of osteoarthritic (OA) chondrocytes and on the regulation of the gelatinases matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide (PI) labeling and western blotting were used to observe and determine the apoptosis in TNFα-stimulated primary cultured osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Also, gelatin zymography was applied to examine MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities in supernatants.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>It was confirmed by both flow cytometry and western blotting that chondrocytes from OA patients have an apoptotic background. Use of CAPE in combination with 10 ng/mL of TNFα for 24 h facilitated the apoptosis. MMP-9 in the supernatant could be autoactivated (from proMMP-9 to active MMP-9), and the physiologic calcium concentration (2.5 mmol/L) could delay the autoactivation of MMP-9. The activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the fresh supernatant increased significantly in response to stimulation by 10 ng/mL of TNFα for 24 h. The stimulatory effect of TNFα just on proMMP-9 was counteracted significantly by CAPE.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>NF-κB could prevent chondrocytes apoptosis though its activation was attributed to the increase of proMMP-9 activity induced by TNFα (a pro-apoptotic factor). Therefore, therapeutic NF-κB inhibitor was a 'double-edged swords' to the apoptosis of chondrocytes and the secretion of MMP-9.</p>