ABSTRACT
<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Both ischemic preconditioning (IPC) and limb remote ischemic postconditioning (LRIPOC) have been shown to possess significantly different cardioprotective effects against the myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI), but no study has compared the anti-inflammatory effects of IPC and LRIPOC during myocardial IRI process. We hypothesized that IPC and LRIPOC would produce different anti-inflammatory effects in an in vivo rat model with myocardial IRI.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Eighty rats were randomly allocated into four equal groups: sham group, IRI group, IPC group and LRIPOC group. In 10 rats randomly selected from each group, serum levels of TNF-α, HMGB1, ICAM1, IL-1, IL-6 and IL-10 were assessed, and infarct size was determined. In another 10 rats of each group, myocardial levels of TNF-α, HMGB1, ICAM1, IL-1, IL-6 and IL-10 in both ischemic and non-ischemic regions were measured.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The infarct size was significantly lower in IPC and LRIPOC groups than in IRI group. The serum and myocardial levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, HMGB1, ICAM1, IL-1 and IL-6 during reperfusion were significantly reduced in IPC and LRIPOC groups compared to IRI group. As compared to the IPC group, infarct size, serum level of TNF-α at 60 minutes of reperfusion, serum levels of HMGB1 and ICAM1 at 120 minutes of reperfusion, myocardial levels of TNF-α, ICAM1, IL-1 and IL-6 in the ischemic region, myocardial levels of ICAM1, IL-1 and IL-6 in the non-ischemic region were significantly increased in the LRIPOC group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>In the rats with myocardial IRI, IPC produces more powerful inhibitory effects on local myocardial and systemic inflammatory responses than LRIPOC. This may be partly attributed to more potent cardioprotection produced by IPC.</p>