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Objective:To explore the characteristics of surface electromyography (sEMG) of flat foot in lower extremity muscles when walking flat and stairs. Methods:From March to June, 2019, 20 male subjects (10 with normal feet, 10 with flat feet) were recruited to use sEMG system of Noraxon to collect the average amplitude and integral electromyography of sEMG of tibialis anterio (TA), medialis gastrocnemius (MG), lateralis gastrocnemius (LG), rectus femoris (RF) and biceps femoris (BF) during the flat ground walking and the stair walking. Results:As ascending stairs, the average amplitudes of TA, RF and BF of flat feet were higher than that of normal feet (|t| > 2.461, P < 0.05); as descending stairs, the average amplitude of MG of flat feet was higher (t = -1.976, P < 0.05), and the average amplitude of BF of flat feet was lower than that of normal feet (t = 2.298, P < 0.05). Compared with ground walking, the average amplitudes of TA, RF and BF of flat feet increased when ascending stairs (|t| > 2.257, P < 0.05), and the average amplitudes of RF and BF increased when descending stairs (|t| > 2.630, P < 0.05). As ascending stairs, the integral electromyography of TA, MG, LG, RF and BF of flat feet was higher than that of normal feet (|t| > 2.492, P < 0.01); as descending stairs, the integral electromyography of MG of flat feet was higher (t = -5.271, P < 0.05), and the integral electromyography of BF was lower (t = 2.685, P < 0.05) than that of normal feet. Compared with ground walking, the integral electromyography of TA, MG, LG and BF increased when ascending stairs (|t| > 2.088, P < 0.05), and the integral electromyography of TA, LG and RF decreased when descending stairs (t > 2.059, P < 0.05). Conclusion:The lower extremities muscles of flat foot compensate for the excessive rotation of the joint when walking stairs.
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@#AIM:To observe the changes of vitreous concentrations of cytokines in eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR)after intravitreal injection of ranibizumab or triamcinolone acetonide.<p>METHODS:A total of 88 PDR patients(112 eyes)with PDR from May 2015 to February 2017 in our hospital were enrolled in this study. The patients were randomly divided into ranibizumab group(57 eyes)and triamcinolone acetonide group(55 eyes). Ranibizumab(0.5mg/0.05mL)or triamcinolone acetonide(4mg/0.1mL)were given intravitreal respectively, after vitreous samples(0.5mL)were collected before the injection. Vitreous samples(0.5mL)were collected again 7d after the injection right before the PPV operation. The concentration of placental growth factor(PIGF)was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays(ELISA); the concentrations of monocyte chemotactic protein 1(MCP-1)and monocyte chemotactic protein 3(MCP-3), interleukin 6(IL-6)and interleukin 8(IL-8), platelet-derived growth factor-AB/BB(PDGF-AB/BB)and vascular endothelial growth factor-A(VEGF-A)were detected by Luminex200. <p>RESULTS:Afterranibizumab injection, the concentrations of PlGF and VEGF decreased significantly(PIGF:65.36±15.16 <i>vs</i> 19.42±6.34pg/mL; VEGF-A:315.16±14.34 <i>vs</i> 21.32±2.54 pg/mL, <i>P</i><0.001), whereas those of IL-6, IL-8 increased significantly(IL-6:37.32±4.04 <i>vs</i> 52.42±5.32 pg/mL; IL-8:111.723±21.32 <i>vs</i> 198.73±19.03 pg/mL,<i>P</i><0.001). There were no remarkable changes in MCP-1, MCP-3, and PDGF-AB/BB levels after ranibizumab injection(<i>P</i>>0.05). In triamcinolone acetonide group, the concentration of PIGF increased significantly after injection(74.28±17.34 <i>vs</i> 136.12±15.34 pg/mL,<i>P</i><0.05), while that of MCP-1 decreased significantly(2789.32±143.54 <i>vs</i> 2038.21±105.34 pg/mL,<i>P</i><0.05). There were no remarkable changes in the expression of MCP-3, IL-6, IL-8, PDGF-AB/BB and VEGF-A(<i>P</i>>0.05). In addition, the concentrations are lower for PIGF and VEGF-A(<i>P</i><0.01)and higher for IL-8 and MCP-1(<i>P</i><0.05)in eyes treated with ranibizumab, compared with those treated with triamcinolone acetonide. The incidence of intraoperative bleeding was significantly lower for ranibizumab group than that for triamcinolone acetonide group(<i>P</i><0.05).<p>CONCLUSION: The levels of PIGF and VEGF-A decreased, while those of IL-6 and IL-8 increased in eyes with PDR after ranibizumab injection. After triamcinolone acetonide injection, the concentration of MCP-1 decreased, while that of PIGF increased.
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Objective To study the changes of plantar pressure during backward walking, so as to explore its effects on balance ability of human gait. Methods Plantar pressure measurement system (Pedar-X pressure insoles) was used to collect the plantar pressure data from 10 subjects during forward walking and backward walking, respectively. The experiment was conducted on the treadmill, and the forward walking was set as the control group. According to the test conditions and intuitive feeling of test participants, 4 speed values (2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5 km/h) were selected to carry out the experiment under two walking modes, respectively. The changes in parameters such as plantar pressure center trajectory, plantar pressure and foot-ground contact time under different speed were analyzed. Results Under two walking modes at different walking speed, subjects showed different plantar pressure during walking. During backward walking, the plantar pressure center transferred from the front foot to the heel and from inside to outside. Compared with forward walking, the plantar pressure during backward walking decreased significantly while the foot-ground contact time increased. Conclusions The study on pressure distribution during backward walking contributes to comprehensively understanding the mechanism of dynamic balance and provides a new perspective for related study on walking stability.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the environmental risk factors on attempted suicide, and to study the interaction between factors as gene polymorphism of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) associated to attempted suicide.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Paired case-control study of 205 suicide attempters (89 male, 116 female) and molecular biological techniques were used to study the relation between gene polymorphism of COMT, environmental factors and the rate of attempted suicide. Controls were paired with cases according to the same gender, similar age (no more than 3 years) and in the same district.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There were no significant differences in gene types and gene frequency between case and control groups. Multivariate conditional logistic regression model analysis showed that COMT Val/Val 158/108, low education level, cigarette smoking, emotional conflicts, psychologic disorders and depression were risk factors of attempted suicide with OR values as 2.43 (95% CI: 1.10 - 5.40), 5.70 (95% CI: 1.88 - 17.27), 3.54 (95% CI: 1.02 - 12.36), 10.96 (95% CI: 4.74 - 25.34), 6.35 (95% CI: 1.68 - 24.05) and 11.30 (95% CI: 4.58 - 27.89) respectively. There was no first level interaction between any two risk factors.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The study supported that low education level, cigarette smoking, affective conflicts, psychiatric disorders, depression were risk factors of attempted suicide and COMT Val/Val 158/108 was suspected to be a susceptible gene type of attempted suicide but needs further study. The study also suggested that 116 bp in gene atlas be possibly correlated to high activity of COMT.</p>