ABSTRACT
Besides 36 (28 single-tablets and 8 fixed-dose combinations) used antiretroviral drugs clinically, there are a number of investigational antiretroviral agents currently in phase 2-3 clinical trial. Tenofoviralafenamidefumarate (TAF) is a novel nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor that is potent and less toxicity than tenofovir (TDF). Doravirine is a non-nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor that demonstrates activity against NNRTI-resistant viral strains. GSK744 is an integrase inhibitor with a long acting preparation. In addition, several drugs with new mechanisms are also noted, for example, BMS-663 068 is a small molecule CD4 attachment inhibitors and cenicriviroc is a novel CCR5/CCR2 antagonist with antiretroviral activity and anti-inflammatory effects. Several drug classes that target known pathways in HIV latency have being developed, and leading the list are histone deacetylase inhibitors. Other agents include protein kinase C activators, positive transcription elongation factor activators, DNA methyl-transferase inhibitors and histone methyl-transferase inhibitors and so on. This review is focused on the above-mentioned drug candidates that may be used in clinical in next couple of years and those compounds that can reverse latent HIV infections.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adenine , Therapeutic Uses , Anti-HIV Agents , Therapeutic Uses , HIV Infections , Drug Therapy , Organophosphates , Therapeutic Uses , Organophosphonates , Therapeutic Uses , Piperazines , Therapeutic Uses , Pyridones , Therapeutic Uses , Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors , Therapeutic Uses , TenofovirABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To detect the in-vitro effects of arbidol hydrochloride against 2009 new influenza virus A (H1N1).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The activity of arbidol hydrochloride against 2009 new influenza virus A (H1N1) was determined in MDCK cell cultures. Hemagglutination assay, observation of cytopathic effects, RT-PCR and quantitative RT-PCR tests were performed for determination of virus titers. Inhibition concentration 50% and cytotoxic concentration 50% were calculated with Chou's Menu of Dose-Effect Program.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Arbidol hydrochloride showed low cytotoxicity (cytotoxic concentration 50%>100 μmol/L)and significant anti-2009 new influenza virus A (H1N1) activity in cell cultures. Inhibition concentration 50% were (5.5 ± 0.9), (3.4 ± 0.8), and (1.5 ± 0.2) μmol/L in hemagglutination assay, cytopathic effect test, and quantitative RT-PCR assay, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Arbidol has low cytotoxicity and high anti-virus activity and can effectively trigger the activities of interferon and immune response, and therefore can be a valuable anti-influenza virus drug.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Antiviral Agents , Pharmacology , Indoles , Pharmacology , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype , Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells , Virus ReplicationABSTRACT
The purpose of this study is to find out anti-HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT)/protease (PR) activity and inhibition of virus replication in cell cultures of novel coumarin analogs and determine their structure-activity relationship. Coumarin derivatives have been demonstrated to inhibit the activity of HIV-1 RT/PR in cell free system. It also shows inhibition effects to HIV-1 replication in cell culture. Based on the Chinese traditional pharmacological characteristics and protein three dimension computer aided design, analogs of tetracyclic dipyranocoumarin were synthesized from natural leading compounds. We studied the relationship of antiviral effects and chemical structures via HIV-1 PR/RT enzyme models and cell culture model system. Seven compounds were designed and tested. Several compounds showed anti-HIV-1 activity in varying degrees, especially V0201 showed much higher anti-HIV-1 activity with 3.56 and 0.78 micromol x L(-1) of IC50 against HIV-1 PR/RT and 0.036 micromol x L(-1) against HIV-1 replication in PBMC cultures. V0201 with a novel structure may be a new leading compound. These new compounds are valuable for development of new anti-HIV drugs in the future.
Subject(s)
Humans , Anti-HIV Agents , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Cells, Cultured , HIV Core Protein p24 , Metabolism , HIV Protease , Metabolism , HIV Reverse Transcriptase , Metabolism , HIV-1 , Physiology , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Leukocytes, Mononuclear , Cell Biology , Metabolism , Virology , Pyranocoumarins , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Structure-Activity Relationship , Virus ReplicationABSTRACT
In the two decades since AZT was first approved for clinical use in 1987, 24 additional antiretroviral agents have been approved. They include 7 nucleoside analogs, a nucleotide analog and 4 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, 10 protease inhibitors, 2 entry inhibitors and an integrase inhibitor. More than 20 investigational agents are currently being studied in clinical trials. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), which involves a combination of anti-HIV-1 drugs, is extremely effective in suppressing HIV-1 replication and increasing CD4+ number and results in substantial reductions in HIV-1-related morbidity and mortality. In last 20 years, much has been learned about resistance to antiretroviral drugs, drug interactions and metabolic complications of antiviral drug use. Drugs are now selected on the basis of resistance tests and on the risk of specific drug complications in individual patients. As a result, decisions about the therapy of HIV/AIDS have become personalized and are made on a patient-by-patient basis. With appropriate medical management, a person with HIV-1 now has the possibility of a nearly normal life expectancy.
Subject(s)
Humans , Anti-HIV Agents , Pharmacology , Therapeutic Uses , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active , Cyclohexanes , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Therapeutic Uses , Drug Resistance, Viral , HIV Envelope Protein gp41 , Chemistry , Therapeutic Uses , HIV Fusion Inhibitors , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Therapeutic Uses , HIV Infections , Drug Therapy , HIV Integrase Inhibitors , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Therapeutic Uses , HIV Protease Inhibitors , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Therapeutic Uses , HIV Reverse Transcriptase , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Therapeutic Uses , HIV-1 , Physiology , Molecular Structure , Peptide Fragments , Chemistry , Therapeutic Uses , Pyrrolidinones , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Therapeutic Uses , Raltegravir Potassium , Saquinavir , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Therapeutic Uses , Triazoles , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Therapeutic Uses , Virus Replication , Zidovudine , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Therapeutic UsesABSTRACT
Resveratrol, isorhapontigenin and pinosylvin, isolated from Gnetum parvifolium, and their analogues have been synthesized and tested for their inhibitory activity of HIV-1. Natural product 12a and analogues (12d, 12e, 12g) display significant inhibitory activity of HIV-1 replication. Among them, compound 12d (trans-3, 4, 5, 4'-tetrahydroxystilbene) exhibits the most potent anti-HIV-1 activity with an IC50 value of 1.84 micromol x L(-1).
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents , Pharmacology , Cells, Cultured , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Pharmacology , Gnetum , Chemistry , HIV-1 , Physiology , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Leukocytes, Mononuclear , Cell Biology , Virology , Molecular Structure , Plants, Medicinal , Chemistry , Stilbenes , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Virus ReplicationABSTRACT
An improved and practical synthesis of racemic 11-demethylcalanolide A [(+/-)-1] was developed. This improved process involved Pechmann reaction on phloroglucinol with ethyl butyrylacetate to give 5,7,-dihydroxy4-n-propylcoumarin (3). Poly phosphoric acid (PPA) catalyzed acylation of compound (3) with crotonic acid, then intramolecular cyclization was achieved simultaneously in one step to afford the key intermediate chromanone (4). A microwave assisted synthetic method preparing chromene (6) using chromenynation of chromanone (4) with 1, 1-diethoxy-methyl-2-butene was conducted. Luche reduction of chromene (6) using NaBH4 with CeCl3 x 7H2O preferably gave (+/-)-1. The overall yield of this four step synthesis of (+/-)-1 was around 32% increasing one fold more than that of the previous method. An in vitro investigation showed that (+/-)-1 exhibited inhibitory activities against both wild-type and drug-resistant HIV-1 in HIV-1 RT and cell culture assay, and significant synergistic effects in combination with AZT, T-20, and indinavir. Its LD50 of acute toxicity in mice by intragastric administration and by intraperitoneal injection were 735.65 mg kg(-1) and 525.10 mg x kg(-1), respectively. The Cmax and AUC(0-infinity) were 0.54 microg x mL(-1) and 1.08 (microg x mL(-1) x h, respectively. The dynamics study of the inhibition of mice sera on HIV-1 RT showed that mice treated with 100 mg x kg(-1 (+/-)-1 once intraperitoneally were similar to that of 5 mg x kg(-1) of known clinical effective anti-HIV-1 drug neverapine. The results suggested that further investigation of the anti-HIV candidate (+/-)-1 was warranted.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Male , Mice , Anti-HIV Agents , Allergy and Immunology , Pharmacology , Toxicity , Drug Synergism , HIV Reverse Transcriptase , Metabolism , HIV-1 , Immune Sera , Pharmacology , Indinavir , Pharmacology , Lethal Dose 50 , Pyranocoumarins , Allergy and Immunology , Pharmacology , Toxicity , Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors , Allergy and Immunology , Pharmacology , Toxicity , Zidovudine , PharmacologyABSTRACT
<p><b>AIM</b>Synthesis of 1-(3-phthalimido-2-oxobutyl)-4-substituted- phenylpiperazines (5-15).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The starting material nitrogen mustard hydrochloride (16), reacted with the corresponding substituted anilines to afford piperazine hydrochlorides (17-27), which were then coupled with 1-bromo-3-phthalimidobutan-2-one (4) to give the target compounds.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Eleven target compounds (5-15) were synthesized, which were characterized by 1HNMR, IR and elemental analysis.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Anti-HIV-1 RT using HIV reverse transcriptase P-66 protein test showed that compounds 11, 14, 10 and 13 possessed inhibitory effects against HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT), with IC50 29.80, 35.20, 43.77 and 63.76 mumol.L-1, respectively.</p>