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ObjectiveTo investigate the distribution characteristics of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes in patients with hepatitis C in Guizhou, China, and to provide a basis for the prevention and individualized treatment of HCV infection. MethodsA total of 1211 HCV RNA-positive patients with hepatitis C who were treated in Guiyang Public Health Clinical Center from September 2011 to October 2018 were enrolled. PCR direct sequencing was performed to obtain HCV sequences, which were then compared with the known HCV sequences in GenBank to obtain HCV genotypes and subgenotypes. The association of genotype distribution with sex, age, ethnic group, region, and route of infection was analyzed. The chi-square test or the Fisher’s exact test was used for comparison of categorical data between two groups. ResultsA total of 4 genotypes and 11 subgenotypes were detected among the 1211 individuals with HCV infection, with the main genotypes of 1b (26.84%), 3b (27.17%), and 6a (24.28%). There was a significant difference in the distribution of HCV genotypes between the male and female individuals (χ2=15.428, P=0.009); 29.34% of the male individuals had genotype 3b, and 32.21% of the female individuals had genotype 1b. There was a significant difference in the distribution of HCV genotypes between different age groups (χ2=67.439, P＜0.001); genotype 1b was the main genotype in the individuals aged ≤18 years (66.67%) or ≥60 years (58.93%), genotypes 3b and 6 were the main genotypes in the individuals aged 19-39 years (28.93% and 29.29%, respectively), and genotypes 1b, 3b, and 6 were the main genotypes in the individuals aged 40-59 years (29.54%, 27.33%, and 24.28%, respectively). There was a significant difference in the distribution of HCV genotypes between the individuals with different routes of infection (χ2=153.916, P＜0001); the most common route of infection was intravenous drug addiction (57.97%), followed by sexual contact (8.42%) and invasive cosmetic surgery (8.42%); genotype 3b was the main genotype in the individuals with intravenous drug addiction (31.48%) or invasive cosmetic surgery (32.35%), and genotype 6 was the main genotype in the individuals with sexual contact (36.27%). There was no significant difference in the distribution of HCV genotypes between the individuals in different ethnic groups or from different regions of Guizhou (both P＞0.05). ConclusionThe distribution of HCV genotypes is diverse in Guizhou, and HCV strains with genotypes 3b, 1b, and 6a are the main epidemic strains. Several rare subgenotypes of HCV genotype 6 are observed. There is a significant difference in the distribution of HCV genotypes between the individuals with different ages, sexes, or routes of infection.
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Fever and abdominal pain are common symptoms and could be main manifestations in patients with autoinflammatory diseases.A 48-year-old female patient was admitted with recurrent fever and abdominal pain for 9 years.Serum level of inflammatory markers synchronously fluctuated with fever,and returned to normal when fever subsided.The periodic episodes of fever occurred every 1 to 4 months and failed to respond to empirical antibiotics.Whole exome sequencing showed heterozygous mutation of NOD2 gene q902k,leading to the final diagnosis of autoinflammatory disease.Corticosteroid and tripterygiumglycosides were effective for the disease remission.
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Objective To understand the enterovirus(EV) pathogenic composition of Coxsackie virus(CV)A6 and A10 causing hand foot and mouth disesse(HFMD) in Guiyang area during 2015 to provide a basis for the prevention and treatment of HFMD in local area.Methods The specific primers were respectively designed according to CVA6 and CVA10 sequence published in GenBank.The fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR method system was established.The gene sequencing method was used for conducting verification.Then this method was used to detect the clinical samples from 607 cases of HFMD.Results A total of 607 samples of suspected HFMD were detected,the overall positive rate was 59.47 ％ (361/607),in which EV71 accounted for 7.25 ％ (44/607),CVA16 for 11.37％(69/607),EV71+CVA16 double positive accounted for 0.16％ (1/607) and other EV for 40.69％ (247/607).The positive samples of CVA6,CVA10 and CVA6+CVA10 detected by the established real time fluorescence RT-PCR were 11 cases,71 cases and 1 case.Conclusion CVA6 and CVA10 are the main pathogens causing new onset HFMD in Guiyang area and the CVA10 monitoring should be strengthened.
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The Longhua Zhang's internal medicine,the famous clinical inheritance of Chinese medical schools in Shanghai,was well-known by their expert skills and high medical ethics during 370 years.This paper introduces the family origin and its academic characteristic.By studying the Shanghai local chronicles and the Longhua Zhang's genealogy,we learn how they innovating and improving the school.
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Objective To understand the pathogen distribution situation among the children inpatients with hand ,foot and mouth diseases(HFMD) in Guiyang area during 2012 to provide the basis for the diagnosis ,treatment and prevention .Methods The data in 3 179 cases of HFMD were collected .The fluorescence quantitative RT‐PCR was adopted to perform the genotyping on universal enterovirus ,enterovirus 71(EV71)and Coxsackie virus A16(CA16) .Results A total 3 179 samples of HFMD were col‐lected ,among them ,151 cases (4 .75% ) were CA16 positive ,331 cases (10 .41% ) were EV71 positive ,7 cases (0 .22% ) were CA16 and EV71 co‐infection ,and 897 cases(28 .22% )were the other enterovirus .The whole year had 2 peaks of onset ,which were April to July and October to November .The onset age focused on the children aged under 5 years old (96 .16% ) ,among them ,0-3 years old had the highest onset ,moreover male children were more than female .Conclusion The etiology distribution of children HFMD in Guiyang area during 201 was dominated by the other genotypes of enterovirus and EV71 .
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Objective To study the distribution of genotypes of hepatitis C virus in Guizhou and its relationship between infec-tious route of genotype and age ,gender was analyzed .Methods Serum specimens in this study were obtained from 198 patients , whose anti-HCV and HCV RNA were positive .A reverse transcriptase PCR(RT nested-PCR)assay using conserved primers de-duced from the core-envelope 1(C-E1)region of the hepatitis C virus(HCV)genome was employed to amplify a 474-nucleotide-long fragment .Phylogenetic analysis of the C-E1 sequences was conducted by direct sequencing of the RT-PCR products and alignment with published HCV subtypes in GenBank .Subtypes of the samples were determined by nucleotide sequencing followed by composi-tion of a phylogenetic tree .Results Among the 198 patients surveyed ,genotype 1a was detected in 4 cases(2 .0% ) ,genotype 1b in 71 cases(35 .9% ) ,genotype 2a in 9 cases(4 .6% ) ,genotype 3a in 29 cases(14 .7% ) ,genotype 3b in 47 cases(23 .7% ) ,genotype 6 a in 37 cases(18 .7% )and genotype 6d in 1 cases(0 .5% ) .Genotype distribution on gender had no statistical significance(P>0 .05) , and its distribution on people with different ages had statistical significance(P<0 .05) ,and its distribution on patients with different infectious routes was significantly different(P<0 .05) .Conclusion The major genotypes of HCV are 1b ,3b ,6a and 3a in Guizhou , and genotype 1a is predominant .Genotypes 1a ,2a and 6d exist too .Genotypes of patients infected with HCV are related to their in-fectious routes ,and the HCV genotypes are in a great variety .
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ObjectiveTo investigate the distribution characteristics of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes in patients with hepatitis C in Guizhou, China, and to provide a basis for the prevention and individualized treatment of HCV infection. MethodsA total of 1211 HCV RNA-positive patients with hepatitis C who were treated in Guiyang Public Health Clinical Center from September 2011 to October 2018 were enrolled. PCR direct sequencing was performed to obtain HCV sequences, which were then compared with the known HCV sequences in GenBank to obtain HCV genotypes and subgenotypes. The association of genotype distribution with sex, age, ethnic group, region, and route of infection was analyzed. The chi-square test or the Fisher’s exact test was used for comparison of categorical data between two groups. ResultsA total of 4 genotypes and 11 subgenotypes were detected among the 1211 individuals with HCV infection, with the main genotypes of 1b (26.84%), 3b (27.17%), and 6a (24.28%). There was a significant difference in the distribution of HCV genotypes between the male and female individuals (χ2=15.428, P=0.009); 29.34% of the male individuals had genotype 3b, and 32.21% of the female individuals had genotype 1b. There was a significant difference in the distribution of HCV genotypes between different age groups (χ2=67.439, P＜0.001); genotype 1b was the main genotype in the individuals aged ≤18 years (66.67%) or ≥60 years (58.93%), genotypes 3b and 6 were the main genotypes in the individuals aged 19-39 years (28.93% and 29.29%, respectively), and genotypes 1b, 3b, and 6 were the main genotypes in the individuals aged 40-59 years (29.54%, 27.33%, and 24.28%, respectively). There was a significant difference in the distribution of HCV genotypes between the individuals with different routes of infection (χ2=153.916, P＜0001); the most common route of infection was intravenous drug addiction (57.97%), followed by sexual contact (8.42%) and invasive cosmetic surgery (8.42%); genotype 3b was the main genotype in the individuals with intravenous drug addiction (31.48%) or invasive cosmetic surgery (32.35%), and genotype 6 was the main genotype in the individuals with sexual contact (36.27%). There was no significant difference in the distribution of HCV genotypes between the individuals in different ethnic groups or from different regions of Guizhou (both P＞0.05). ConclusionThe distribution of HCV genotypes is diverse in Guizhou, and HCV strains with genotypes 3b, 1b, and 6a are the main epidemic strains. Several rare subgenotypes of HCV genotype 6 are observed. There is a significant difference in the distribution of HCV genotypes between the individuals with different ages, sexes, or routes of infection.