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Premature ejaculation (PE) is the most common male sexual dysfunction with a high incidence, which seriously affects the relationship between a husband and wife and family harmony. Drug therapy is a first-line treatment for PE patients with premature ejaculation, and has achieved good efficacy, but the clinically available drugs are single and the abandonment rate is high. Coupled with the ineffective treatment of some patients, new drug research and development is imminent. This paper systematically reviews the current status of drug treatment for premature ejaculation, focusing on the research and development of new drugs and research progress in order to provide a reference for clinicians.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To construct an effective survival nomogram for patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) using a large sample sized Chinese dataset, which can be used to predict individual 3- and 5-year overall survival (OS) precisely.Methods:The data of 672 ccRCC patients received operation diagnosed at Xijing Hospital from January 2012 to December 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 467 males and 205 females. Their median age was 56 years old (ranging 23-83 years old). There were 327 patients with tumor on the left kidney and 345 patients with tumor on the right kidney. Clinical stageⅠ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ were 584, 47, 19 and 22 cases, respectively. At the time of diagnosis, 504 patients were asymptomatic and 168 patients were symptomatic. Preoperative alkaline phosphatase was 80 (41-240) U/L. Preoperative serum albumin was 44.8 (30.5-59.8) g/L. Preoperative neutrophil absolute value/lymphocyte absolute value (NLR) was 2.25 (0.81-9.89). Preoperative platelet count was 205 (82-589)×10 9/L. Preoperative creatinine was 97 (55-230) μmol/L. Radical nephrectomy was performed in 420 (62.5%) patients and partial nephrectomy was performed in 252 patients. Cox multivariate analysis was used to determine the independent predictors of the postoperative OS. Then, the nomogram was constructed using R software, which integrates all independent predictors according to the coefficients in the multivariate analysis. Moreover, the performance of the nomogram was evaluated using the consistency index (C-index) and the calibration plots. Results:Cox multivariate analysis results showed that age at diagnosis ( P<0.001), clinical TNM stage ( P<0.001), preoperative NLR ( P=0.012), preoperative alkaline phosphatase ( P=0.002) and preoperative albumin ( P<0.001) were the independent predictors of postoperative OS in ccRCC patients. The nomogram established by integrating these five factors had a good discriminatory ability (C-index=0.819, 95% CI 0.813-0.825), and the calibration plots showed that excellent agreements between the nomogram prediction and the actual observation were achieved. Conclusions:Based on a large sample sized Chinese dataset, this study established an effective survival model for patients with ccRCC and good performance of the nomogram was demonstrated by internal validation. Our nomogram can help urologists to predict individual 3- and 5-year OS accurately for Chinese ccRCC patients.
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Objective To explore the independent predictors for disease-specific survival (DSS) rate in patients with stage N1-3 testicular seminoma (TS),and establish a nomogram to predict individual 5-year DSS.Methods The data of N1-3 TS patients registered in the SEER database of National Cancer Institute (USA) from January 2004 to December 2015 were retrospectively analyzed.The 5-year overall survival (OS) rate and DSS rate were calculated using Kaplan-Meier method and the differences among different subgroups were assessed using log-rank test.Besides,the independent predictors of DSS were defined using multivariate Cox regression analysis,and nomogram was drawn using R software.Furthermore,the predictive performance of the nomogram was internally validated using the C-index and calibration plot.Results TNM stage ⅢA (HR =5.604,95％ CI:1.252-25.083,P =0.024),ⅢB (HR =6.710,95％ CI:1.923-23.410,P =0.003) and ⅢC (HR =13.189,95％ CI:3.916-44.420,P ＜ 0.001),age at diagnosis ≥45 years old (HR =3.575,95％ CI:2.014-6.344,P ＜ 0.001),and patients without spouse (HR =2.346,95％ CI:1.406-3.914,P =0.001) were identified as independent risk factors for DSS.On internal validation,the predictive accuracy of our nomogram was 0.751 (C-index:0.751,95％ CI:0.694-0.808).Besides,the calibration plot showed that the predicted survival outcomes were highly consistent with the actual survival outcomes.Conclusion The study confirms that age at diagnosis ≥45 years old,TNM stage ≥ ⅢA and patients without spouse are the independent risk factors for DSS in TS patients with stage N1-3,and the nomogram for predicting individual 5-year DSS is established.
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Objective@#To explore the independent predictors for disease-specific survival (DSS) rate in patients with stage N1-3 testicular seminoma (TS), and establish a nomogram to predict individual 5-year DSS.@*Methods@#The data of N1-3 TS patients registered in the SEER database of National Cancer Institute (USA) from January 2004 to December 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. The 5-year overall survival (OS) rate and DSS rate were calculated using Kaplan-Meier method and the differences among different subgroups were assessed using log-rank test. Besides, the independent predictors of DSS were defined using multivariate Cox regression analysis, and nomogram was drawn using R software. Furthermore, the predictive performance of the nomogram was internally validated using the C-index and calibration plot.@*Results@#TNM stage ⅢA (HR=5.604, 95%CI: 1.252-25.083, P=0.024), ⅢB (HR=6.710, 95%CI: 1.923-23.410, P=0.003) and ⅢC (HR=13.189, 95%CI: 3.916-44.420, P<0.001), age at diagnosis ≥45 years old (HR=3.575, 95%CI: 2.014-6.344, P<0.001), and patients without spouse (HR=2.346, 95%CI: 1.406-3.914, P=0.001) were identified as independent risk factors for DSS. On internal validation, the predictive accuracy of our nomogram was 0.751 (C-index: 0.751, 95%CI: 0.694-0.808). Besides, the calibration plot showed that the predicted survival outcomes were highly consistent with the actual survival outcomes.@*Conclusion@#The study confirms that age at diagnosis ≥45 years old, TNM stage ≥ⅢA and patients without spouse are the independent risk factors for DSS in TS patients with stage N1-3, and the nomogram for predicting individual 5-year DSS is established.