ABSTRACT
This study examined the impact of 935MHz phone-simulating electromagnetic radiation on embryo implantation of pregnant mice. Each 7-week-old Kunming (KM) female white mouse was set up with a KM male mouse in a single cage for mating overnight after induction of ovulation. In the first three days of pregnancy, the pregnant mice was exposed to electromagnetic radiation at low-intensity (150 μW/cm(2), ranging from 130 to 200 μW/cm(2), for 2- or 4-h exposure every day), mid-intensity (570 μW/cm(2), ranging from 400 to 700 μW/cm(2), for 2- or 4-h exposure every day) or high-intensity (1400 μW/cm(2), ranging from 1200 to 1500 μW/cm(2), for 2- or 4-h exposure every day), respectively. On the day 4 after gestation (known as the window of murine embryo implantation), the endometrium was collected and the suspension of endometrial glandular cells was made. Laser scanning microscopy was employed to detect the mitochondrial membrane potential and intracellular calcium ion concentration. In high-intensity, 2- and 4-h groups, mitochondrial membrane potential of endometrial glandular cells was significantly lower than that in the normal control group (P<0.05). The calcium ion concentration was increased in low-intensity 2-h group but decreased in high-intensity 4-h group as compared with the normal control group (P<0.05). However, no significant difference was found in mitochondrial membrane potential of endometrial glandular cells between low- or mid-intensity groups and the normal control group, indicating stronger intensity of the electromagnetic radiation and longer length of the radiation are required to inflict a remarkable functional and structural damage to mitochondrial membrane. Our data demonstrated that electromagnetic radiation with a 935-MHz phone for 4 h conspicuously decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and lowered the calcium ion concentration of endometrial glandular cells. It is suggested that high-intensity electromagnetic radiation is very likely to induce the death of embryonic cells and decrease the chance of their implantation, thereby posing a high risk to pregnancy.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Mice , Electromagnetic Radiation , Embryo Implantation , Physiology , Endometrium , Physiology , Epithelial Cells , PhysiologyABSTRACT
This study examined the impact of 935MHz phone-simulating electromagnetic radiation on embryo implantation of pregnant mice. Each 7-week-old Kunming (KM) female white mouse was set up with a KM male mouse in a single cage for mating overnight after induction of ovulation. In the first three days of pregnancy, the pregnant mice was exposed to electromagnetic radiation at low-intensity (150 μW/cm(2), ranging from 130 to 200 μW/cm(2), for 2- or 4-h exposure every day), mid-intensity (570 μW/cm(2), ranging from 400 to 700 μW/cm(2), for 2- or 4-h exposure every day) or high-intensity (1400 μW/cm(2), ranging from 1200 to 1500 μW/cm(2), for 2- or 4-h exposure every day), respectively. On the day 4 after gestation (known as the window of murine embryo implantation), the endometrium was collected and the suspension of endometrial glandular cells was made. Laser scanning microscopy was employed to detect the mitochondrial membrane potential and intracellular calcium ion concentration. In high-intensity, 2- and 4-h groups, mitochondrial membrane potential of endometrial glandular cells was significantly lower than that in the normal control group (P<0.05). The calcium ion concentration was increased in low-intensity 2-h group but decreased in high-intensity 4-h group as compared with the normal control group (P<0.05). However, no significant difference was found in mitochondrial membrane potential of endometrial glandular cells between low- or mid-intensity groups and the normal control group, indicating stronger intensity of the electromagnetic radiation and longer length of the radiation are required to inflict a remarkable functional and structural damage to mitochondrial membrane. Our data demonstrated that electromagnetic radiation with a 935-MHz phone for 4 h conspicuously decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and lowered the calcium ion concentration of endometrial glandular cells. It is suggested that high-intensity electromagnetic radiation is very likely to induce the death of embryonic cells and decrease the chance of their implantation, thereby posing a high risk to pregnancy.
ABSTRACT
We constructed shRNA vectors with different stem length, and tested the silencing effectiveness in mouse cells and embryos. We designed interfering RNAs with stems of 21 bp, 27 bp, and 29 bp. The enhanced green fluorescent protein gene was used as target gene. The synthesized single strands were annealed and cloned into psiSTRIKE and the recombinant plasmids (EGFP-21 siRNA, EGFP-27 siRNA, and EGFP-29 siRNA) were transfected into the mouse embryonic fibroblast with lipofection. The mRNA expression level of the enhanced green fluorescent protein gene was checked by real-time quantitative PCR. The silencing effectiveness of the 29 bp shRNA vector was stronger than which of the 21 bp and 27 bp. The findings in this study are of interest for selecting the hairpins for mouse individuals.
Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Base Sequence , Cell Line , Embryo, Mammalian , Fibroblasts , Cell Biology , Metabolism , Gene Silencing , Genetic Vectors , Genetics , Green Fluorescent Proteins , Genetics , Molecular Sequence Data , Plant Stems , Genetics , Metabolism , RNA, Small Interfering , Genetics , TransfectionABSTRACT
Objective To explore the role of chemokine CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 in the directional migration of human prostate cancer(PCa).Methods The expression of CXCL12/CXCR4 in 18 human PCa samples and human PCa cell lines(PC3,DU145 and LNCap)was determined by immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry,respectively.Then the effect of CXCL12 on the migration and invasion of human PCa cell lines Was investigated by Matrigel invasion assay.Results Except 1 PCa sample,positive CXCR4 protein expression was detected in 17 clinical PCa samples.On the contrary,in 18 samples determined,only one sample expressed weak CXCL12 protein.CXCR4 rather than CXCL12 protein was exressed in PCa cell lines PC3,DU145 and LNCap.In addition,CXCL12 promoted the migration and invasion of PCa cell lines in a dose dependent manner in viiro,in which experiments PC3,LNCap cells were pretreated by antibody of CXCL12 or CXCR4 and then it was found the migrations of cells stimulated by CXCL12 were inhibited.Conclusion CXCR4 protein is expressed in human PCa and CXCL12/CXCR4 axis may play a significant role in the metastasis of prostate cancer.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate effects of drugs on spermatogenesis following testicular ischemia-reperfusion in rats. Methods Healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats ( n = 32) were randomly divided into four groups, 8 rats in each group. Animals underwent unilateral testicular torsion followed by detorsion after 2 hours. Isotonic saline, pentoxifylline and verapamil were infused into tail vein 15 minutes before detorsion in torsion group, pentoxifylline group and verapamil group. At 24 hours after operation, testicular function was determined measuring germ cell apoptosis using the flow cytometry ( FCM) , and the levels of myeloperoxidase ( MPO) , superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) by spectrophotometry. Results Compared with torsion group, the number of apoptotic germ cell and the contents of MDA and MPO were markedly decreased in pentoxifylline group and verapamil group, but the number of haploid and the level of SOD were significantly increased (P
ABSTRACT
0.05). Conclusions TNF-? and TGF-?1 had a very important role in etiology of chronic abacterial prostatitis and they can be the objective parameters in the diagnosis of chronic prostatitis.
ABSTRACT
0.05), while the expression of CuZn-SOD mRNAwas significantly higher in the experimental group(0.366?0.085) than in the control group(0.221?0.043) (P0.05). Conclusions An experimental varicocele can lead to increased reactive oxygen species and decreased antioxidant enzymes levels in prostate, which may be one of the important factors of male infertility induced by varicocele.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the relationship between the apoptosis and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and Bcl-2 in prostate carcinoma (PCa).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Expression of Bcl-2 and iNOS and apoptotic cells in 24 cases of PCa, 15 cases of BPH and 5 cases of normal prostate tissues were detected by immunohistochemical technique and terminal-deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), respectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Apoptosis index (AI) and iNOS-positive index of PCa were much higher than that of the benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and the normal prostate group(P < 0.01). The AI of the Bcl-2-positive group was lower than that of the negative ones in PCa(P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>AI might serve as a marker in evaluating the aggression of PCa. The iNOS-positive index of PCa had no relationship with the differentiated grades but had a negative relationship with the expression of Bcl-2. The expression of Bcl-2 protein was negatively related to PCa cell apoptosis. Both iNOS and Bcl-2 were believed to play roles in the pathogenesis and development of PCa by influencing the cell apoptosis.</p>
Subject(s)
Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Apoptosis , Immunohistochemistry , Nitric Oxide Synthase , Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II , Prostatic Neoplasms , Chemistry , Pathology , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the restoration of erectile function by reconstructing cavernous nerves with sural nerve grafts.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats(3-4 m old and 300-400 g) were randomly divided into three groups: the sham-operated group (n = 16) underwent pelvic exploration without transection of the cavernous nerve; the nerve ablation group (n = 16) had a 5 mm segment of the cavernous nerve excised bilaterally; the graft group (n = 16) had a 5 mm segment of the cavernous nerve excised bilaterally, followed by immediate microsurgical reconstruction with an interposition graft of the sural nerve. The cavernous nerves of each group were electrostimulated to determine their potency after 2 and 4 months. And fluorescent retrograde-transported material Fluoro-Gold(FG) was injected into the penis. FG-labeled neuron cells in whole mounts of major pelvic ganglions were observed five days after injection.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Electrical stimulation produced no erection in either the nerve ablation or the graft group, but 100% erection in the sham-operated group after 2 months. The numbers of FG-labeled neurons significantly differed between the nerve ablation group and the graft group. After 4 months erection examination showed statistical significance in the difference between the graft group and the nerve ablation group(P < 0.05). The FG-labeled neurons in the graft group significantly differed from those in the ablation (P < 0.05), and almost reached the level of the sham-operated(P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Cavernous nerve grafting can successfully restore erectile dysfunction in rats after surgical injury.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Electric Stimulation , Penile Erection , Penis , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Sural Nerve , TransplantationABSTRACT
Objective To study the relationship of epithelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression with the germ cell development and apoptosis in the rat cryptorchid. Methods Germ cell apoptosis was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated d UTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) in the unilateral cryptorchid.Expression of eNOS was detected by immunohistochemical S P method. The dispersion characteristics of expression of eNOS mRNA was investigated by in situ hybridization. Results On the 7th day after the operation,as compared to the control,the number of apoptotic germ cell in the cryptorchid was increased significantly,but its testis weight was decreased predominantly,and expression of eNOS gene was localized to the cytoplasm of Legdig cell,Sertoli cell and germ cell in both testes.On the 40th day,expression of eNOS gene was localized to the cytoplasm of lengthened spermid.On the 3rd day and 7th day,expression of eNOS mRNA had no apparent change in the cryptorchid as compared to the control. Conclusions In adolescence,expression of eNOS regulates secretion of hormone and germ cell development;whereas after adulthood,expression of eNOS is only related to the mature and activity of sperm.Expression of eNOS has no apparent relationship with germ cell apoptosis.
ABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the reconstruction of bladder using a segmental sinus-body of stomach on the basis of a clinical study.Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records,laboratory evaluations,imaging examinations,cystoscopy,urodynamic studies of 30 patients(17 men and 13 women;mean age,55 years;age range,21-69 years) who underwent the reconstruction of bladder using a segmental sinus-body of stomach.Of the 30 patients,24 had primary bladder cancer and 6 had tuberculous contracture of the bladder.Results After operation,the new gastric bladder worked well in keeping and emptying urine.All patients micturated through the urethra.The bladder capacity was 280-580 ml(mean,385 ml).The maximum urethral pressure was 20-60 cm H_2O(mean,49 cm H_2O).The filling bladder pressure was 5-15 cm H_2O(mean,12 cm H_2O).The maximum bladder pressure was 35-65 cm H_2O(mean,55 cm H_2O),and it was 28-60 cm H_2O(mean,46 cm H_2O) during urination.Qmax and post-void residual urine were 10-28 ml/s(mean,18 ml/s) and 5-85 ml(mean,20 ml),respectively.Follow-up ranged from 9 months to 24 years(mean,8.2 years).There were no disturbance of water and electrolyte metabolism,no vesicoureteral reflux,no uracratia,and no damage to renal function.Complications included perineal and vesical pain in 4 cases,enuresis in 5 cases,which gradually remitted 3-6 months after surgery,and bladder stone formation in 1 case,who underwent surgery again.At 3.5 years after surgery bladder tumor relapsed in 1 case,who then underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumor. Conclusions Our data show that the substitution of a segmental sinus-body of stomach for urinary bladder worth popularizing because of low complication rate and approximately normal urologic indexes.
ABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo investigate the feasibility of repairing surgically ablated cavernous nerves by using an interposition genitofemoral nerve graft and with nerve growth enhancing media (insulin-like growth factor-I,IGF-I) injection.MethodsA total of 54 male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups (each of 18 rats),including sham operation controls, bilateral cavernous nerve ablation and nerve graft with IGF-I injection groups.At 1,3 and 6 months after surgery, the rat models were evaluated with Apomorphine Test.Then nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) staining was used to identify nNOS in penile nerve fibers of the proximal portion of penile shaft.ResultsAt 1,3 and 6 months after surgery, the rats of sham operation group had normal erectile function (erection rate,100%),while the rats of nerve ablation group lost erectile function at all (erection rate,0%).There was no statistically significant difference of ED between the nerve ablation and nerve graft groups at 1 month;however,at 3 and 6 months,Apomorphine Test resulted in tumescence of 50% and 66.7% of the nerve graft groups vs 0% and 0% of the nerve ablation groups, respectively ( P
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the mechanism of contralateral testicle spermatogenesis impairment following unilateral testicular torsion in rats.Methods Healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats(n=24) were randomly divided into 3 groups:group 1(sham-operation),2 and 3,each comprising 8 rats.Under surgical conditions,the left testes of the rats in groups 2 and 3 were rotated through clockwise 720? torsion,then detorsion after 12 h or 24 h,respectively.The contralateral testes were harvested after 1 month and the relative proportions of germ cells were measured by the flow cytometry(FCM).Anti-rat immunoglobulin G(IgG)antibodies against spermatozoa antigens were detected in contralateral testicular tissue by immunohistochemical method.Results In groups 1,2 and 3,the weight of contralateral testis was(1555.73?(72.34)),(1184.20?101.02) and(783.60?117.93)mg,respectively;the number of apoptotic cells was 53.25?8.61,1622.00?129.31 and 3401.25?179.75,respectively;the positive rates of antisperm antibodies were 0,0.55?0.02 and 0.69?0.03,respectively.There were significant differences in above parameters between groups(P