ABSTRACT
Hepatitis E virus is an RNA virus,which is classified into 4 genotypes.HEV-1 and HEV-2 genotypes are transmitted by the contaminated water in human infections.HEV-3 and HEV-4 genotypes are typical zoonosis viruses,which mainly infect pig,wild boar and deer,and also could infect rabbit,rat,sheep,poultry and other animals.In addition,HEV-1 and HEV-2 oceasionally infect human beings via foodborne transmission by the contaminated water,undercooked meat and viscera.HEV Infection is a self limiting disease,but a few of the infections turn into chronic hepatitis,cirrhosis and other liver diseases.HEV infection is globally prevelent.In China,the majority of infections HEV-4 caused sporadic cases except an HEV-1 outbreak in Xinjiang 30 years ago.The continuous development of the "One Belt and Road" initiative may increase the risk of introducing more virulent HEV-1 viruses from overseas countries.China has developed a vaccine(HEV239) to prevent the infection of hepatitis E virus,Which will play an important role in the control of HEV epidemic in China.
ABSTRACT
In order to characterize the molecular epidemiology of HFMD-associated Coxsackievirus A6 (CVA6) in Fujian Province, a total of 1340 specimens from non-EV71 non-CVA16 HFMD patients were collected during 2011-2013. Isolated virus strains were identified and subtyped. Full-length coding regions for the VP1 gene of the predominant serotype CVA6 isolates were amplified and sequenced. Among the 375 non-EV71 non-CVA16 HFMD cases confirmed by virus isolation and molecular subtyping, 182 (48.5%) were found to be caused by CVA6, accounting for 7.9%, 16.2% and 39.6% HFMD-associated enteroviruses in FujianProvince during 2011, 2012, and 2013, respectively. Compared with general features observed in the HFMD epidemic, no difference in CVA6-specificity or severity rates was observed between geographical origins, gender, or age groups. Nucleotide sequence analyses of VP1 genes revealed high diversity levels of 16.2%-18.6% among CVA6 strains from Fujian Province, in contrast to the prototype CVA6 strain, and showed low levels of diversity in the amino acid sequences (4.3%-6.2%). Phylogenetic analysis also indicated that CVA6 isolates from Fujian Province were distinct from the prototype strain and other isolates from abroad; however, it was homologous to domestic strains, although the Fujian isolates clustered into multiple branches. These results suggested that significant changes in the pathogenic spectrum of HFMD in Fujian Province occurred during 2011-2013, as CVA6 was one of the predominant serotypes of HFMD. CVA6 isolates from Fujian Province were co-circulating and co-evolving with other domestic strains as multiple closely related CVA6 transmission chains were observed in Fujian Province overall and within each prefecture.
Subject(s)
Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , China , Epidemiology , Enterovirus A, Human , Classification , Genetics , Evolution, Molecular , Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease , Epidemiology , Virology , Molecular Epidemiology , Molecular Sequence Data , PhylogenyABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the neutralized antibody level of the poliomyelitis among healthy people and provide scientific evidence for the immunization strategy since routine and intensified immunization with oral polio vaccine (OPV) in Fujian province.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The poliomyelitis antibody level of healthy people were detected by neutralization test of the micro cells.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The neutralizing antibody positive rates were 99.0%, 99.3%, 97.5% and GMTs were 1:79.1, 1:31.2, 1:24.7 for polio I, II, III respectively in 400 serum specimens from 1-59 years old. GMTs present a trend of decreasing as age's increasing.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>A protective barrier had been built against poliomyelitis in healthy people in Fujian province through routine and intensified immunization with OPV.</p>
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Antibodies, Neutralizing , Blood , Allergy and Immunology , Antibodies, Viral , Blood , Allergy and Immunology , China , Health Status , Poliomyelitis , Allergy and Immunology , Virology , Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral , Allergy and Immunology , Population Surveillance , VaccinationABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To ascertain the pathogen of aseptic encephalitis epidemic in Long-Yan city in Fujian, and to find out the genetic characteristics of the virus.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Rapid detection of enteroviral RNA by reverse transcription polymerasechain reaction (RT-PCR) was directly carried out in cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) to isolate and identify the viruses from CSF at the same time, and to detect the neutralization antibody in two serum specimens collected in acute and convalescence phase. Nucleotides of VP1 region was also analyzed by constructing phylogenetic tree.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>ECHO 19 infection was rapidly diagnosed and sequence analysed by RT-PCR, and then echovirus type 19 from 16 of 30 CSF samples (53.33%) was isolated and detected using RD and Hep-2 cells simultaneity. The titer of ECHO 19 neutralization antibody became positive or increased by 4 times from acute to convalescence phase in 4 of the 5 patients. Phylogenetic analyses of the VP1 genes of these isolates showed that their nucleotides identity were 98.9% -100.0% which were different from those ECHO 19 from GeneBank database by 13.0%-22.4%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The etiology of the epidemic of aseptic encephalitis was attributed to ECHO 19. The method of molecular identification not only provided rapid diagnosis of enterovirus infections, but also information about the genetic character of the viruses.</p>