ABSTRACT
Parkinson′s disease is a degenerative disease of the central nervous system with abnormal protein deposition in the brain as the main pathological changes. The onset of Parkinson′s disease is related to abnormal deposition protein removal disorders, and the relevant mechanisms are still unclear. The glymphatic system is a metabolic waste and abnormal protein deposition removal system in the brain. In recent years, studies have shown that the changes of aquaporin 4, perivascular space and dural lymphatic vessels in Parkinson′s disease are closely related to the level of relevant pathological proteins in cerebrospinal fluid, leading to the occurrence and development of Parkinson′s disease. The researches on structure and biomarkers of the glymphatic system in Parkinson′s disease in recent years are reviewed in this article.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To analyze the temporal and spatial trends of maternal mortality in China, and to predict the future situation of maternal mortality.Methods:Taking the national maternal mortality rate in 1991-2018 and the maternal mortality rate in 2009-2018 in various provinces and cities of China as the research objects, using the statistical description analysis method to analyze the changes of time and space of maternal mortality, and using ARIMA time series model to predict the future situation of maternal mortality in China, rural areas and cities.Results:Regarding to the spatial and temporal distribution of maternal mortality, the maternal mortality rate in China generally showed a certain decline trend. In 1991, the maternal mortality rate was 80.0/100 000, and in 2018, China′s maternal mortality rate was 18.3/100 000, 77.1% lower than that in 1991, with an average annual growth rate of-5.3%; In 2009, Tibet′s maternal mortality rate was the highest, 232.2/100 000, and Jiangsu′s maternal mortality rate was the lowest, 5.2/100 000, with a difference of 44.7times After nine years of development, Tibet is still the province with the highest maternal mortality rate in China, which is 56.5/100 000, while Shanghai has the lowest maternal mortality rate, which is 1.4/100 000, with a difference of 40.4times. In 1991, the rural and urban maternal mortality rates were 46.3/100, 000 and 100.0/100, 000, respectively, and the urban-rural mortality rate was 1∶2.16. By 2022, the urban-rural mortality rate in China was 1∶0.95. Regarding the prediction of maternal mortality for the future, the national maternal mortality rate in 2022 is 10.1/100 000, the urban maternal mortality rate is 16.0/100 000, and the rural maternal mortality rate is 15.0/100 000.Conclusion:The maternal mortality rate in China has been greatly reduced, and the gap between urban and rural areas has decreased from 53.7/100 000 in 1991 to 0.7/100 000 in 2022, showing a downward trend. However, from the model prediction results, there is a slight rebound in the urban maternal mortality rate, while the rural maternal mortality rate remains stable, which suggests that the government and the health administration should pay more attention to the growing trend of urban maternal mortality while taking reasonable measures to reduce the rural maternal mortality rate, so as to avoid the rebound of urban maternal mortality rate.
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Objective To forecast the number of healthcare professionals at China′s primary medical institutions from 2016 to 2020 ,so as to provide the healthcare authorities with references for optimizing healthcare human resource allocation .Methods The Grey model was used to predict numbers of healthcare professionals in China from 2016 to 2020 on the base of health technicians data from 2010 to 2015 .Results The forecast results show that the number of healthcare professionals may be increased to about 600000 people a yearfrom 2015 to 2020 .The number of healthcare professionals at China′s primary medical institutions is expected to grow about 204000 people a year ,and general practitioner is increased to about 22000 people a year .The annual growth rates of medical(assistant) practitioners ,medical practitioners ,registered nurses ,pharmaceutical personnel and examiners in China are expected to be 3.20％ ,2.81％ ,6.88％ ,1.53％ and 2.16％ respectively. The annual average growth rates of postgraduates ,undergraduates and junior college graduates are expected to be 16.95％ ,12.08％ and 5.46％ respectively .Conclusions in the future ,the requirements for healthcare professionals at primary institutions will still be higher than demand in China ,with a gap to be filled and their professional makeup and academic title make to be optimized. Therefore greater efforts are required for their development to enhance their competence and professionalism ,with reasonable staffing of the human resources .
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Objective To study the inducing apoptosis of Hedyotis diffusa extract (HDE) on human hepatocarcinoma cell line Bel7402 and its molecular mechanism. Methods Human hepatocarcinoma cell line Bel7402 was used in vitro cell culture, there were 3 groups:control group, HDE group and 5-Fu group, the Bel7402 cells were dealed with them respectively. The apoptosis morphologic changes of human hepatocarcinoma cells were observed by invert microscope. The apoptosis rate was detected with hematoxylin stain by light microscope. Inhibition of Bel7402 cell proliferation was measured by MTT assay. The expression of oncogene Bcl-xl and anti-oncogene p53 of Bel7402 ceils were observed with RT-PCR assay. Results Compared with the control group, the condensation of nuclear, vacuolar degeneration of mitochondria could be found through light microscope. The apoptosis rate of HDE group was remarkably increased compared with that in control group (P