Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Rosa rugosa Flower Extract in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW264.7 Macrophages

Rosa rugosa Thunb, a deciduous shrub of the genus Rosa, has been widely used to treat stomach aches, diarrhoea, pain, and chronic inflammatory disease in eastern Asia. In recent years, our research team has extensively studied the Rosa rugosa flower extract, and specifically undertook pharmacological experiments which have optimized the extraction process. Our methods have yielded a standard extract enriched in phenolic compounds, named PRE. Herein, we expand our efforts and evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity of PRE on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophages. PRE significantly inhibited production of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, interleukin (IL)-6, and interleukin 1β (IL-1β), as well as expression of their synthesizing enzymes, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase2 (COX-2). Furthermore, PRE inhibited activity of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) as well as nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Our findings are the first to explain the anti-inflammatory mechanism by PRE in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Given these results, we propose that PRE has therapeutic potential in the prevention of inflammatory disorders.

Comparative studies in content of major active compositions in different parts of Cichorium glandulosum / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>The four major active compositions, namely esculetin, lactucin, lactucopicrin and chlorogenic acid in seed, stem and root of the Cichorium glandulosum Boiss. et Huet that planted in Xinjiang have been quantified by HPLC.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>HPLC method was used, with Inertsil ODS-SP column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 pm). The flow rate was 1.0 mL x min(-1). The column temperature was set at 32 degrees C. The mobile phase was methanol--0.2% formic acid, 0-40 min, methanol 30%--70% gradients. Injection volume was 5 microL. The detecting wavelength were 256, 350, 299 and 229 nm, respectively.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The percentage recoveries were 98.2%, 99.57%, 100.50%, and 99.46% for chlorogenic acid, esculetin, lactucin, and lactucopicrin, respectively. The correlation coefficients (r) were 1.000, 0.9989, 0.9998, 1.000 and RSD were 1.6%, 1.5%, 0.77%, 2.0% for chlorogenic acid, esculetin, lactucin, and lactucopicrin, respectively. The contents of the chlorogenic acid, esculetin, lactucin and lactucopicrin were 0.0048, 0.0043, 0.6789, 0.7520 mg x g(-1), respectively in the root, and 0.0710, 0.1890, 0.2396 and 0.0520 mg x g(-1) in the seeds of C. glandulosum, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>This method was sensitive, rapid and simple, with good linearity, recovery and reproducibility.</p>