ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate differences in the expression of Ras 1,Rac1 and Rho1 genes between yeast and hyphal phases of Trichosporon asahii (T.asahii),and to explore their roles in the formation of hyphae.Methods The yeast phase and hyphal phase of T.asahii were cultured and served as yeast phase group and hyphal phase group respectively.Total RNA was extracted from the 2 groups,and real -time fluorescence-based quantitative PCR (RT-PCR) was performed to measure the mRNA expression of Ras1,Rac1 and Rho1.Results The hyphal formation rate was significantly lower in the yeast phase group than in the hyphal phase group (0.40％ ± 0.53％ vs.99.33％ ± 0.57％,t =13.93,P ＜ 0.05).When the mRNA expression of Ras1,Rac1 and Rho1 in the yeast phase group was all set as 1,that in the hyphal phase group was 25.17 ± 10.99,16.81 ± 7.80,42.61 ± 18.50,respectively,with significant differences between the two groups in the three parameters (t =3.81,3.51,3.90,respectively,all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Ras1,Rac1 and Rho1 genes may participate in the regulation of hyphal formation in T.asahii.
ABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a superpulse-mode fractional carbon dioxide(CO2) laser for the treatment of onychomycosis. Methods Patients with typical clinical manifestations of onychomycosis and positive for direct microscopic examinations of fungi were enrolled into this study, and treated with a superpulse-mode fractional CO2 laser for eight sessions. The scoring clinical index for onychomycosis (SCIO)and onychomycosis severity index (OSI)were calculated according to patients′ age, clinical type of onychomycosis, thickness of nails, area and length of nail involvement before the treatment, at the end of treatment, 1 month and 3 months after completion of treatment. Mycological clearance was also evaluated according to direct microscopy and fungal culture results. Adverse reactions to laser therapy were recorded. Statistical analysis was carried out by using the chi-square test and Wilcoxon signed-rank sum test with the SPSS 17.0 software. Results Totally, 20 patients with onychomycosis were enrolled into this study, and 75 affected nails were treated. Finally, 18 patients with 71 target nails completed the treatment and follow-up. The SCIO and OSI were 13.07 ± 6.47 and 21.11 ± 11.94 in these patients at baseline respectively, both significantly different from those at the end of treatment(9.03 ± 6.14 and 13.63 ± 12.10, respectively, both P 0.05). The SCIO and OSI decreased from 12.48 ± 5.41 and 16.44 ± 9.89 at the baseline to 5.01 ± 5.56 and 6.44 ± 8.26 at 3 months after the treatment, respectively, in patients with distal and lateral subungual onychomycosis (DLSO), and from 17.86 ± 3.98 and 34.05 ± 2.56 to 15.88 ± 4.10 and 31.00 ± 7.28 respectively in patients with total dystrophic onychomycosis (TDO). During the treatment, several patients felt transient mild pain, but no subungual hemorrhage or other adverse reactions occurred. Conclusions The fractional CO2 laser in superpulse mode shows a reliable efficacy for the treatment of mild to moderate onychomycosis such as DLSO, especially when the nail plate is superficially invaded and grows rapidly. It directly inhibits and kills fungi, and treatment duration should be prolonged according to conditions.