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@#The vaccination of older adults is receiving increasing attention from the whole society.The majority of deaths caused by Coronavirus Disease 2019(COVID-19) are older adults,especially those with underlying diseases.Severe acute respiratory symptom coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2) vaccines have proved to have a significant protection against severe disease and death in the older adults.At present,the vaccination coverage rate of older adults in China is insufficient,and the main obstacles from the audience include the lack of popular vaccination education and willingness to vaccination,while there are also problems from vaccine providers,such as the lack of vaccines suitable for the elderly and the high price of vaccine.This paper summarized the market status and research progress of vaccines for the older adults in China,and analyzed the effects of underlying diseases,immune aging and previous infection history or vaccination history of older adults on the safety and effectiveness of the vaccines.The strategies of vaccine development for the older adults were discussed in terms of the application of novel adjuvants to improve immunogenicity,optimization of vaccine preclinical study evaluation criteria based on the immune system characteristics of older adults,focus on enhancing cellular immune response,and development of vaccines for oral and inhalation vaccination.
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Objective@#To construct core information about physical activities of Chinese students aged 7-18 years, so as to provide a reference for impoving the level of adolescents physical activities.@*Methods@#Canadian 24 Hour Movement Guidelines for Children and Youth was used as a framework, the preliminary core recommendations on physical activity for Chinese students aged 7-18 years were developed based on qualitative research. Recommendations covered three scales, including physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep. Physical activity included four subscales of frequency, intensity, duration and type, while sedentary behaviour and sleep only included one subscale. Three rounds of consultation were conducted using Delphi method. In the second round of consultation, the results of 2014 Chinese National Surveys on Students Constitution and Health were presented to experts for reference. In the third round of consultation, experts need to rank the importance of seven items of physical fitness under the physical activity type subscale by age group through analytic hierarchy process.@*Results@#Totally 25, 25, and 18 experts were consulted in three rounds respectively. The questionnaire response rates in 3 rounds were 100.0%, 100.0%, and 94.4%, respectively. The authority coefficients were 0.92, 0.93, and 0.91. The harmony coefficients were 0.63( χ 2=237.10, P <0.01), 0.63( χ 2= 242.60 , P <0.01), and 0.76( χ 2=97.05, P <0.01). It was recommended that students aged 7 to 18 years in China should do moderate to vigorous physical activity for a cumulative total of at least 60 minutes per day, and most of the 60 minutes or more per day should be either moderate or vigorous intensity aerobic physical activity. Of the daily physical activity, students should conduct vigorous intensity aerobic physical activity, muscle strengthening and bone strengthening physical activity on at least 3 days a week. At least 2 hours of daytime outdoor activity was recommended for primary school students and 1 hour for secondary school students. 7-12 year old students should do more physical activities that enhance flexibility, coordination and agility, while 13-18 year old students should do more physical activities that enhance strength, endurance and speed. Sedentary behaviour included one subscale, where students should reduce sedentary behaviour, break up long periods of sitting as often as possible, and limit recreational screen time and online study time. Sleep included one subscale of duration.Students should get sufficient and uninterrupted sleep per night.@*Conclusion@#The development of core recommendations on physical activity for Chinese students aged 7 to 18 might help improve physical activity levels and promote health of children and adolescents.
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Abstract@#The health of children and adolescents is not only related to the growth and wellbeing of individuals, but also to the construction and development of countries. This study reviewed policies that were issued by the central government since the founding of New China which focused on the prevention and treatment of common diseases among school-age children and adolescents. The results revealed that, since the founding of New China, policies for the prevention and control of common diseases among school-age children and adolescents increased in number, and they began to focus on specific rather than general health problems. A gradual emphasis was placed on the specific implementation of prevention and control measures, rather than on guiding principles. Increasingly more attention has been paid to the prevention and treatment of common diseases among school-age children and adolescents.
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Objective@#To describe the subnational disparity of anemia among Chinese Han students aged 7-14 years, and to provide a reference for making intervention measures to improve anemia among Chinese children.@*Methods@#A total of 71 115 Chinese Han students aged 7-14 years were selected from the project ‘2014 Chinese National Survey on Students’ Constitution and Health'. Anemia and its severity were defined according to the diagnosis criteria of World Health Organization (WHO). The rank sum test was used to compare anemia distribution of different subgroups. Logistic regression models were established to analyze the influencing factors of anemia and moderate-to-severe anemia.@*Results@#In the 71 115 students with measured hemoglobin concentrations in the 2014 CNSSCH, the overall prevalence rate of anemia was 8.9%, with 5.8% to be mild anemia and 3.1% to be moderate-to-severe anemia. For boys aged 7-14 years, the hemoglobin concentration increased with age; Boys aged 7 years had the highest anemia prevalence (9.8%) and moderate-to-severe anemia prevalence(4.4%). For girls aged 7-12 years, the hemoglobin concentration increased with age, but the concentration decreased a little when girls reached 14 years of age; 14-year-old girls had the highest prevalence of anemia(13.3%), and 7-year-old girls had the highest prevalence of moderate-to-severe anemia(4.8%). The highest prevalence rates of anemia were found in Hainan (24.1%) and Gansu(19.6%), while the lowest was in Beijing(2.0%). Logistic regression models revealed that, for children aged 7 and 9 years, when comparing to those lived in urban areas, living in rural areas appeared to be a risk factor for anemia (OR=1.34) and moderate-to-severe anemia(OR=1.48); when comparing to living in cities of upper socio-economic status, living in cities of intermediate socio-economic status appeared to be a risk factor for anemia (OR=1.43) and moderate-to-severe anemia(OR=1.41), and living in cities of lower socio-economic status also appeared to be a risk factor for anemia (OR=1.26) and moderate-to-severe anemia(OR=1.35). For students aged 12 and 14 years, girls were at higher risks for anemia and moderate-to-severe anemic(OR=2.41，2.20).@*Conclusion@#The overall prevalence of anemia was low in Chinese school-aged children, but substantial subnational disparity and subgroup disparity exists. Our data called for setting up context-specific measures, such as deworming and iron supplementation, to deal with child anemia. Intervention programs need to be implemented among adolescent girls and those with relatively low socioeconomic status.
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Objective@#To examine the relation between physical fitness and frequency of having breakfast among Chinese Han college students so as to provide proper intervention and theoretical basis for improving college students’ physical fitness.@*Methods@#The data from 2014 Chinese National Survey on Students’ Constitution and Health (CNSSCH) was used. The data of 47 172 Han students were calculated, the chi-square test wasused to compare the differences of the physical fitness passing rate in different subgroups of college students. The Log-binomial model was established to assess the relation between physical fitness and breakfast consumption.@*Results@#The unqualified rate of physical fitness was 22.8%. Boys(24.7%), urban students (25.7%), and those who exercised less than one hour per day (23.3%) had lower physical fitness passing rates than girls(20.9%), rural students (19.9%) and those who exercised more than one hour per day (20.3%)respectively(χ2=101.38, 223.33, 32.20,P<0.01). The unqualified rate of physical fitness increased by age. The unqualified rate of physical fitness in eastern, central and western regions was 21.2%, 21.7% and 25.1% respectively. The unqualified rate of physical fitness for those with normal nutritional status (18.2%) was significantly lower than those who were underweight (26.0%) or overweight/obese(42.6%)(χ2=1 660.50, P<0.01). In this study, 53.2% of college students had breakfast every day,unqualified rate of physical fitness was higher among students with less regular consumption of breakfast(χ2=393.50, P<0.01). The Log-binomial model showed that the college students who had 3-5 breakfasts(PR=1.16, 95%CI=1.11-1.20), 1-2 breakfasts(PR=1.34, 95%CI=1.28-1.40), never had breakfast (PR=1.43, 95%CI=1.32-1.53) per week had higher physical fitness failure rates than those who had breakfast every day.@*Conclusion@#There is a significant association between physical fitness and breakfast consumption among college students. Developing the good habit of having breakfast is not only the component of healthy lifestyle but also an indispensable part to the improvement of college students’ physical fitness.