EFFECT OF LANDING IMPACTS AT FALL FROM HANGING WITH BODY WEIGHT INCREMNET / 体力科学

The purpose of this study was to investigate the landing impacts of falls from short heights with body weight increment. Eight male college students participated as subjects. The body weight increments were gradually increased by 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 kg by attaching 500 gram iron bars in the pocket of vests that students wore. The subjects performed the landing by falling from a height of 2.7 m above and they landed on the surface of a force plate as softly as possible. The landing impacts, muscular activities, and joint movements of lower limbs during landing were analyzed by a force plate using EMG and VTR programs.The results indicated that there were no significant increments found in maximal landing impact even though the body weight was increased from 2 to 10 kg. The flexion of ankle, knee and hip joints started immediately before landing and increased after landing with the body weight increments. The activity of plantar and dorsi flexor muscles after landing were increased intensively with the body weight increments. Although the body weight increased from 2 to 10 kg gradually, landing impact at fall did not increase. It may be controlled by fast and deep flexing movements of lower limb joints during landing.

Long-term effects of playing on a hanging ladder on active and passive grip strength in elementary school children / 体力科学

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of playing on a hanging ladder for a long period on active and passive grip strength in elementary school children.<BR>Sixty-three children (mean age =9.2 yr) were assigned to training (male =14, female =17) and control (male =14, female =18) groups.<BR>The children in the training group played on the hanging ladder for 5 to 10 min 5 days per week for 7 months.<BR>Active and passive grip strength, and upper and forearm girth were measured in both groups almost monthly during the playing period.<BR>The percentage of children who succeeded in hanging from the ladder in the training group increased from 50% to 77% in boys and from 70% to 90% in girls between the start and finish of the playing period.<BR>The movement times of ladder hanging in these subjects were significantly shortened in boys and girls during the playing period.<BR>No significant differences were found in active grip strength, or upper and forearm girth, but significant differences were found in passive grip strength between the training and control groups at end of the playing period.<BR>It appears that playing on a hanging ladder for a long period increases passive grip strength, and is useful for developing emergency evacuation ability in elementary school children.:

ANALYSIS ON BACK STRENGTH ON GROWING STATE / 体力科学

1) Children's data (10-18 years old) of back strength, height, grip strength and running long jump from data book of Japan Education Ministry (1964-1981) were analyzed. Back strength was mainly studied and was compared with other data (grip strength etc.) . The groups with high average values for back strength at 10-14 years old did not necessarily show high values for back strength at 17 years old, or vice versa. Values for back strength at 10-14 years old were not significantly correlated with those at 17 years old.<BR>2) Using the data from data book mentioned above, tension of deep back muscle (FMUS) was calculated based on kinetic models (FMUS. I, II, III) . Calculated FMUS values were 3-5 times larger than measured back strength values at each age.<BR>3) Relative change of back strength and FMUS in 1964-1981 were compared. All values for back strength were lower than those for FMUS except in 1967. During the late 1960th and the 1970th, average back strength values gradully decreased, but the decrease of FMUS was less obvious than that of back strength.<BR>4) Based on the data of 422 children (7-12 years old, male and femele), values of diaphragm area were approximated with some assumptions, and then FMUS values were calculated. FMUS values calculated by approximate diaphragm area were significantly larger than those calculated by constant diaphragm area (465 cm2) .<BR>The figure for getting FMUS values easily was offered to avoid troublesome calculation. This consists of two graphs, and one can read FMUS values with reasonable precision. Parameters needed for getting FMUS values are sexuality, height, body weight and back strength.

SIMILARITY AND DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BACK LIFT STRENGTH AND GRIP STRENGTH IN THE PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN / 体力科学

The active and passive grip strength, repeated grip strength, back lift strength, leg press, vertical jump and back extension were measured for 220 boys and 205 girls in the primary school to examine the similarity and difference between back lift strength and grip strength. The results were as follows;<BR>1) The strength of large muscle groups such as back lift strength and leg press in boys were significantly higher than in girls, but no differences were found in the strength of smaller muscle group like a grip strength.<BR>2) Higher increment rate of the passive grip strength to the active strength was found in younger grade of primary school children. They might possess a lower level of contractile force-integrating ability than older ones.<BR>3) No significant differences between boys and girls and among each grade were found in the decrement rate of repeated grip strength and no sigficant relationship between the decrement rate and maximum grip strength.<BR>4) Significant relationship was observed between back lift strength and active or passive grip strength, and the correlation coefficients with the passive strength were lower than the active strength.<BR>5) Significant relationship was observed between back lift strength and vertical jump and back extension in all grade of primary school girls and lower grade of the boys.

A basic study for establishing a suitable exercise prescription with long distance walking. II / 体力科学

The present study was performed to investigate the effects of 120 km walking, 40 km a day for 3 successive days on the condition that taking rest and foods freely, upon physical functions for healthy male and female subjects. All measurements were enforced at postabsorptive state early in the morning for the 10 successive days including the days of walking. Blood pressure, heart rate, and body weight were measured every morning. Blood samplings enforced, too. Urine collections were enforced from first day to 7 th day. The results obtained were as follows;<BR>1) There were no changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and body weight, which were measured early in the morning, before and after 120 km walking.<BR>2) Serum GOT and GPT activities had little changes, while serum LDH, α-HBDH, and CK activities increased gradually after walking.<BR>3) Serum CK-MB activities, which indicate myocardial injury, increased after walking, on the contrary CK-MB/CK ratio decreased. It was suggested that effects of 120km walking to myocardium were rather than slight ones.<BR>4) In spite of the same sorce in which serum CK-MB and LDH-1 were resulted, both did'nt exhibit same patterns in serum.<BR>5) Serum lipids decreased gradually after walking.<BR>6) Urinary excretion of creatinine and uric acid increased after 120km walking especially.<BR>7) If it is allowed to take sufficient foods and rest, 120km walking, 40km a day for 3 successive days, would not result in such a physical stress over the following days.

A BASIC STUDY FOR ESTABLISHING A SUITABLE PRESCRIPTION OF EXERCISE ON THE LONG DISTANCE WALKING / 体力科学

The present study was performed to investigate the effect of long distance walking upon physical functions for healthy male subjects. The first experiment was carried out in 1977, the second, in 1978, and the third, in 1979 in each autum season. At the first experiment, subjects began walking upon having breakfast, then ate and drank noting during first 30km, and took some foods during another 26km. Twelve hours and fifty minutes of time was spent for 56km walking including 15, 60, and 30 minutes rest periods in between. In the second experiment, subjects ate nothing after dinner of the previous evening and 35km walking took 6 hours during which some rest periods were taken for blood sampling. The third was 80km walking for two days. Subjects walked 40km in 8 hours in the first day and on the following day they walked 40km in ten hours and twenty minutes. They took foods and rest freely.<BR>From the view points of the changes in blood and urinary recordings obtained from those three experiments, the influences of long distance walking on the body indicate as follows ;<BR>1) In case of long distance walking while nothing to eat and drink, the rate of serum saturated fatty acids composition decreased and unsaturated fatty acids increased.<BR>2) In a fasting state, blood glucose gradually decreased, LDH activity increased and blood lactate, GOT and GPT activity presented no significant changes on long distance walking.<BR>3) It was shown that the longer distance to walk, the lesser tendency in blood triglyceride even though subjects take a carbohydrate rich diet while walking.<BR>4) In fasting state, less than 35km walking without foods, the stress to the body seemed not to be critical.<BR>5) More than 40km walking in a day, even though taking meals, would result a significantly severe stress for body.<BR>6) As long as usual meals are taken, 80km walking for two days continuously, 40km in each day, would not result in such a physical stress over the following days.

SIGNIFICANCE OF UNINTERRUPTED MEASUREMENTS OF GRIP STRENGTH FROM THE VIEW POINTS OF EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY / 体力科学

Uninterrupted recordings of grip strength were measured in the male and female physical education students, university sports club members, middle-aged physical laborers and clerks, and young weight-lifters. The results were as follows ;<BR>1) In the rate of supporting of uninterrupted measurements of grip strength, recordings among the males were greater than females. But, there were no differences between the recordings in the rate of supporting at morning and at evening.<BR>2) In the university sports club members, the rate of supporting of Basketball club members were the most, Judo, the medium, Volleyball, Tennis, and others, the least.<BR>3) Among the middle-aged subjects, the rate of supporting of uninterrupted measurements of grip strength indicate high in physical laborers and low in the clerks.<BR>4) The rate of supporting of uninterrupted measurements of grip strength in youngweight-lifters was smaller than in well trained weight-lifters.<BR>5) By the comparison between right and left recordings in the rate of supporting of uninterrupted measurements of grip strength, certain tendencies were observed in some sports, but, not greater than differences among some sports. Certain individual, however, indicate great differences between right and left recordings.<BR>6) No significant correlations between maximum grip strength and rate of supporting of uninterrupted measurements were observed.

VARIATION OF THE VENOUS CONCENTRATION OF THE FATTY ACID BY THE PHYSICAL FITNESS TEST OBSERVED ON AGED MALE AND FEMALE / 体力科学

Before and after the physical fitness tests included 1000 meter endurable walking, aged males and females more than 61 to 80 years old were tested on the blood pressure, heart rate and blood components. The results were as follows.<BR>1) The systolic and diastolic blood pressure were not varied so distinctly.<BR>2) Heart rates were increased in all groups.<BR>3) Serum cholesterol, GOT and GPT were not influenced.<BR>4) Fatty acid, especially unsaturated one, was increased remarkably.<BR>5) Fatty acid increasing observed on excellent performer of the endurable walking was higher than that of poor performer.<BR>6) Increasing ratio of the fatty acid which was found on the subjects with abnormal ECG was higher than that of the subjects with normal ECG.<BR>As above mentioned facts, the test of serum fatty acid seemed very important item to the aged people from the view point of security of the exercise.