The role of macrophages for tenotomy-induced muscle hypertrophy / 体力科学

The role of exercise in skeletal muscle hypertrophy was examined using op/op mice, which have a hereditary deficiency in the differentiation of macrophages. A tenotomy was performed to produce a compensation load for the soleus and plantaris muscles in op/op mice and a control group. After one week, the weight of the soleus and plantaris muscles had increased significantly. The cross-sectional area of the muscle fiber in the soleus of the control group increased as a result of the compensation load, indicating that the tenotomy had induced muscle fiber hypertrophy. However, the cross-sectional area of the muscle fiber in the soleus of the op/op mouse group did not change significantly. Instead, the tenotomy induced an increase in the number of thin fibers. The cross-sectional area of muscle fibers in the plantaris muscle, which is a fast muscle, decreased in the op/op mouse group. In conclusion, compensation loads in macrophage-deficient op/op mice do not result in muscle fiber hypertrophy.

PERSONAL SPACE PERCEPTION IN HUMANS / 体力科学

To examine personal space perception, a method of identifying joint position was determined by having the subject equally bisect the joint angle, by producing a minimum increment in change of position and by selecting a threshold for two-point discrimination using the metacarpophalangeal joint of digits 2-5.<BR>Eight healthy adults (6 males and 2 females) were used as subjects. The subjects' eyes were covered at all times to prevent any visual feedback.<BR>Each metacarpophalangeal joint of digits 2-5 was extended, flexed and pointed to the bisection position in 6 sec (about 2 sec in each position) . The difference in the bisection position selected using the index finger with the shoulder, elbow and hand in variety of positions was determined. The deviation from the mid-bisection point and the standard deviation were less when the hand was positioned most comfortably and near the face (“natural and near”) than when the hand was positioned in the more uncomfortable position and further from the face (“unnatural and further”) .<BR>In a second test, the index finger was moved from full extension to the full flexion in increments as small as possible at a rate of one change in position per second. Again, the effect of arm position was determined.<BR>In case of“the natural and near”position, each increment in joint position was smaller than in“the unnatural and further”position.<BR>In“the natural and near”position, the two point threshold was smallest of all. It was measured at the thumb side of right palm in the proximo-distal direction.<BR>These results suggest that personal space perception of metacarpophalangeal joint is affected by the position of adjoining limb segments.

Personal space perception in humans. Bisection and minimum division of the range of motion in finger joint, and the threshold for two-point discrimination / 体力科学

To examine personal space perception, a method of identifying joint position was determined by having the subject equally bisect the joint angle, by producing a minimum increment in change of position and by selecting a threshold for two-point discrimination using the metacarpophalangeal joint of digits 2-5.<BR>Eight healthy adults (6 males and 2 females) were used as subjects. The subjects' eyes were covered at all times to prevent any visual feedback.<BR>Each metacarpophalangeal joint of digits 2-5 was extended, flexed and pointed to the bisection position in 6 sec (about 2 sec in each position) . The difference in the bisection position selected using the index finger with the shoulder, elbow and hand in variety of positions was determined. The deviation from the mid-bisection point and the standard deviation were less when the hand was positioned most comfortably and near the face (“natural and near”) than when the hand was positioned in the more uncomfortable position and further from the face (“unnatural and further”) .<BR>In a second test, the index finger was moved from full extension to the full flexion in increments as small as possible at a rate of one change in position per second. Again, the effect of arm position was determined.<BR>In case of“the natural and near”position, each increment in joint position was smaller than in“the unnatural and further”position.<BR>In“the natural and near”position, the two point threshold was smallest of all. It was measured at the thumb side of right palm in the proximo-distal direction.<BR>These results suggest that personal space perception of metacarpophalangeal joint is affected by the position of adjoining limb segments.

THE VARIATION IN KNEE EXTENSION FORCE AND INTEGRATED ELECTROMYOGRAM WITH KNEE JOINT ANGLE IN SCHOOL CHILDREN / 体力科学

To examine the variation in the knee extension force and the integrated electromyogram from rectus femoris, medial vastus and lateral vastus muscles with the knee joint angle in growing children, measurements were conducted in 61 school boys aged from 7 to 12 years old. Anthropometric measurements were also done on the body height, the lower limb length, and so on. Results obtained were as follows.<BR>1) Ratio of the lower limb length comparing with the body height increased with the grade.<BR>2) Maximal force at each joint angle in each grade was shifted peak from 70°to 90°with the grade.<BR>3) The pattern of the integrated surface electromyogram from rectus femoris, medial vastus or lateral vastus muscle at each joint angle was the same in all of the grade. The integrated electromyogram at the maximal voluntary contraction was maximal at 45°of the knee joint angle in the rectus femoris muscle, at 110°in the medial vastus and at 90°in the lateral vastus muscle.

PERSONAL SPACE PERCEPTION IN HUMAN ELBOW JOINT / 体力科学

In order to examine the personal space perception, measurements were conducted on both elbows in 14 men and 46 women. Each subject, with his (or her) eyes closed and with his upper arm fixed horizontally, was instructed to stop the vertical and horizontal swing motion of his lower arm at the point he considered to be the middle of the range of possible motion on the front and side of plane at his shoulder, and this was repeated ten times. In various conditions, similar measurements were also done to study factors affecting the personal space perception in 14 men.<BR>Mean values of bisected angles in percentage against range of motion were deviated from the middle points in the direction of the elbow extension, although there were large differences between the individuals. The deviation was smallest in the vertical. side of plane, and was larger in the horizontal plane than that in the vertical plane. The deviation was not so much affected by the various conditions.<BR>It was suggested that the gain of the personal space perception is higher in the elbow extension than in the elbow flexion and its difference is larger in the horizontal plane than in vertical plane of the human elbow joint.

PERSONAL SPACE PERCEPTION IN HUMAN SHOULDER ON THE HORIZONTAL PLANE / 体力科学

To examine the personal space perception, measurements were conducted on both arms in 227 young men and women. Each subject, with his eyes closed, was instructed to stop the horizontal swing motion of his arm at the point he considered to be the middle of the range of possible motion on the horizontal plane, and this was repeated ten times.<BR>Mean values of bisected angles were deviated from the middle points in the direction of the horizontal adduction, although there were large differences between the individuals. The deviation was larger in the right arms than that in the left, and it increased with the increasing range of motion of the horizontal abduction.<BR>It was suggested that the gain of the personal space perception is higher in front of the body than in the side on the horizontal plane of the human shoulder.

A BASIC STUDY FOR ESTABLISHING A SUITABLE PRESCRIPTION OF EXERCISE ON THE LONG DISTANCE WALKING / 体力科学

The present study was performed to investigate the effect of long distance walking upon physical functions for healthy male subjects. The first experiment was carried out in 1977, the second, in 1978, and the third, in 1979 in each autum season. At the first experiment, subjects began walking upon having breakfast, then ate and drank noting during first 30km, and took some foods during another 26km. Twelve hours and fifty minutes of time was spent for 56km walking including 15, 60, and 30 minutes rest periods in between. In the second experiment, subjects ate nothing after dinner of the previous evening and 35km walking took 6 hours during which some rest periods were taken for blood sampling. The third was 80km walking for two days. Subjects walked 40km in 8 hours in the first day and on the following day they walked 40km in ten hours and twenty minutes. They took foods and rest freely.<BR>From the view points of the changes in blood and urinary recordings obtained from those three experiments, the influences of long distance walking on the body indicate as follows ;<BR>1) In case of long distance walking while nothing to eat and drink, the rate of serum saturated fatty acids composition decreased and unsaturated fatty acids increased.<BR>2) In a fasting state, blood glucose gradually decreased, LDH activity increased and blood lactate, GOT and GPT activity presented no significant changes on long distance walking.<BR>3) It was shown that the longer distance to walk, the lesser tendency in blood triglyceride even though subjects take a carbohydrate rich diet while walking.<BR>4) In fasting state, less than 35km walking without foods, the stress to the body seemed not to be critical.<BR>5) More than 40km walking in a day, even though taking meals, would result a significantly severe stress for body.<BR>6) As long as usual meals are taken, 80km walking for two days continuously, 40km in each day, would not result in such a physical stress over the following days.

ARRHYTHMIA AND PALMITOLEIC ACID / 体力科学

The variation of venous concentration of FFA as the effect of exercise under several nutritive conditions were tested on two subjects, <I>i, e</I>., 56 years old male and 20 years old female.<BR>Arrhythmia were recorded when sudden increase in palmitoleic acid in venous concentration was observed, while no arrhythmia were recorded otherwise. Arrtythmia seemed to have been prevented by intaking glucose prior to exercise.<BR>It was also observed that arrhythmia would easily be produced by sudden uprise of palmitoleic acid under hunger after low carbohydrate nutrition.

STUDY ON THE VARIATION OF CONCENTRATION OF LYSINE AND OTHER AMINO ACIDS BY THE ALL OUT EXERCISE WITH A BICYCLE ERGOMETER / 体力科学

Venous concentration of lysine and other 16 amino acids were determined in healthy 5 male 20-22 years of age subjects in the resting state, after 2 min from bigining of exercise, immediatetly after all-out exercise and 30 min after of the exercise with a bicycle ergometer at work intensities which will be fell into all-out in about 6 or 7 min.<BR>During 2 min exercise lysine only was increased, no change of glycine and puoline were observed and other amino acids were decreased. At the point of all out increase of threonine, lysine and histidine were observed, compared with resting state<BR>Alanine concentration at 30 min after of all out exercise was very high than that of resting state and same tendency but a little was observed on lysine. Other amino acids were decreased.<BR>A risk connected with exercise was discussed from the data of lysine obserbed high concentration during two min exercise concerning with the variation of other amino acids by the all-out exercise.

INFLUENCE OF THE BRIEF FAST AND VARIOUS EXERCISE ON THE VENOUS CONCENTRATION OF THE BRANCHED AMINO ACID AND LYSINE / 体力科学

The remarkable increase of branched amino acid and pretty decrease of lysine venous concentration were observed in healthy nine male and female adults by the brief fast.<BR>The increase of branched amino acid wasn't able to find by the various exercise generally. The increase of lysine venous concentration was found after the running more than 10km frequently.<BR>Only on the subjects of 44 and 55 years of age, the increase of branched chain amino acid and lysine were observed by the running. It looks like have to take precautions that aged people run under the conditions of empty stomach.

INFLUENCE OF THE BRIEF FAST ON THE VENOUS CONCENTRATION OF THE AMINO ACIDS / 体力科学

The change in the venous concentration of amino acids in normal male and female adults was studied. After the brief fast (about 40 hours) except for a higher concentration of branched-chain amino acids in the plasma of female subjects, there was essentially no significant difference between the plasma composition of amino acids in female or male subjects. In only one male subject (Rohler's Index was 106), the transient fall of the branched-chain amino acid concentrations.<BR>Low caloric diet feedings resulted in a marked reductions of the plasma serine, glutamic acid, proline, glycine, arginine and threonine. On the other hand, high protein and high fat diet feedings resulted is a remarkable increasing of the branched-chain amino acid concentration and marked reduction of the plasma alanine concentration.

INFIUENCE OF THE EXERCISE ON THE VENOUS AND THE URINE CONCENTRATIONS OF AMINO ACID / 体力科学

Influence of the all out exercise by the bicycle ergometer, all out exercise by the treadmill and the 5000 meter track running on the venous and urine concentrations of amino acid with healthy male and female subjects (include junior high school boys) were tested. The subject who was observed remarkable rise in his venous concentrations of amino acids was not always rose in his urine concentration of that.<BR>Generally, increasing ratio of serum alanine concentration was small and both the serum concntrations of essential and non-essential amino acids were reduced. On the several subjects increase of essential amino acids especially branched chain amino acids were observed. It seemed to us the sign of proteolysis according with the exercise. Quite a few difference of the effect on the serum amino acid concentrations among the individuals are observed.