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Cedrol, a sesquiterpene alcohol, isolated from Juniperus chinensis has been reported to inhibit minichromosome maintenance (MCM) proteins as cancer biomarkers in human lung cancer in vitro. In the present study, we investigated the anti-cancer activity of cedrol in vitro and in vivo using human colorectal cancer HT29 cells and a human colorectal tumor xenograft model. Cedrol inhibited MCM protein expression and cell growth in HT29 cells, which are associated with G1 arrest and the induction of apoptosis. We demonstrated that cedrol effectively reduced HT29 tumor growth without apparent weight loss in a human tumor xenograft model.Compared with vehicle- and adriamycin-treated tumor tissues, cedrol induced changes in the tumor tissue structure, resulting in a reduced cell density within the tumor parenchyma and reduced vascularization. Moreover, the expression of MCM7, an important subunit of MCM helicase, was significantly suppressed by cedrol in tumor tissue. Collectively, these results suggest that cedrol may act as a potential anti-cancer agent for colorectal cancer by inhibiting MCM protein expression and tumor growth.
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Objective@#To determine the usefulness of Silent MR angiography (MRA) for evaluating intracranial aneurysms treated with stent-assisted coil embolization. @*Materials and Methods@#Ninety-nine patients (101 aneurysms) treated with stent-assisted coil embolization (Neuroform atlas, 71 cases; Enterprise, 17; LVIS Jr, 9; and Solitaire AB, 4 cases) underwent time-of-flight (TOF) MRA and Silent MRA in the same session using a 3T MRI system within 24 hours of embolization. Two radiologists independently interpreted both MRA images retrospectively and rated the image quality using a 5-point Likert scale. The image quality and diagnostic accuracy of the two modalities in the detection of aneurysm occlusion were further compared based on the stent design and the site of aneurysm. @*Results@#The average image quality scores of the Silent MRA and TOF MRA were 4.38 ± 0.83 and 2.78 ± 1.04, respectively (p < 0.001), with an almost perfect interobserver agreement. Silent MRA had a significantly higher image quality score than TOF MRA at the distal internal carotid artery (n = 57, 4.25 ± 0.91 vs. 3.05 ± 1.16, p < 0.001), middle cerebral artery (n = 21, 4.57 ± 0.75 vs. 2.19 ± 0.68, p < 0.001), anterior cerebral artery (n = 13, 4.54 ± 0.66 vs. 2.46 ± 0.66, p < 0.001), and posterior circulation artery (n = 10, 4.50 ± 0.71 vs. 2.90 ± 0.74, p = 0.013). Silent MRA had superior image quality score to TOF MRA in the stented arteries when using Neuroform atlas (4.66 ± 0.53 vs. 3.21 ± 0.84, p < 0.001), Enterprise (3.29 ± 1.59 vs. 1.59 ± 0.51, p = 0.003), LVIS Jr (4.33 ± 1.89 vs. 1.89 ± 0.78, p = 0.033), and Solitaire AB stents (4.00 ± 2.25 vs. 2.25 ± 0.96, p = 0.356). The interpretation of the status of aneurysm occlusion exhibited significantly higher sensitivity with Silent MRA than with TOF MRA when using the Neuroform Atlas stent (96.4% vs. 14.3%, respectively, p < 0.001) and LVIS Jr stent (100% vs. 20%, respectively, p = 0.046). @*Conclusion@#Silent MRA can be useful to evaluate aneurysms treated with stent-assisted coil embolization, regardless of the aneurysm location and type of stent used.
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Purpose@#The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility and efficacy of an ultrasound needle guidance system (NGS) based on standard needle magnetization in a phantom study of thyroid nodule (TN)-targeting punctures. @*Methods@#Six trainees and a staff radiologist performed TN-targeting punctures with or without the NGS in phantom models (group 1, experience <50 cases; group 2, experience ≥50 cases and <100 cases; group 3, experience ≥100 cases of TN-targeting punctures). The feasibility, technical success rate, number of punctures, and procedure time were recorded. @*Results@#The feasibility of NGS was 98.6% (138/140). In group 1, the technical success rate increased from 60.0%±8.2% to 80.0%±8.2% when the NGS was used (P=0.046), with a reduction in the number of punctures from 2.2 to 1.2 (P=0.005). In group 2, the rate changed from 95.0%±5.8% to 100.0%±0.0% with the NGS (P=0.157), with a minimal decrease in the number of punctures from 1.1 to 1.0 (P=0.157). The procedure time significantly decreased in both groups (P=0.041 and P=0.010, respectively) when the NGS was used. In group 3, there were no significant differences in the technical success rate and the number of punctures according to whether the NGS was used (P=0.317 and P=0.317, respectively). @*Conclusion@#NGS using standard needle magnetization is technically feasible and has potential to improve the efficacy of TN-targeting punctures for less-experienced operators, especially beginners, according to the findings of this phantom study.
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Purpose@#To compare differences between the original criteria for diagnosis of ocular sarcoidosis (OS) (first International Workshop for OS [IWOS] 2009) and the revised criteria (sixth IWOS 2017), and their clinical usefulness when assessing OS in Korean patients. @*Methods@#We analyzed patients with suspected OS who visited our tertiary referral ophthalmological and pulmonary clinic from 2007 to 2018. We diagnosed patients using both sets of criteria. Blood test and biopsy data (collected by physicians) and slit-lamp, fundus, and fluorescein angiography data (collected by ophthalmologists) were reviewed. @*Results@#Thirty-four patients were diagnosed using both criteria. Of 32 patients who underwent biopsies, 31 had OS (96.87%). Using either set of criteria, 31 patients were diagnosed with definite OS and two with presumed OS. One patient diagnosed with possible OS using the previous criteria was diagnosed with presumed OS using the revised criteria. The new criteria add the lysozyme level, the CD4/CD8 ratio, and positron emission tomography imaging data to the old criteria and add the descriptors “presumed OS” and “probable OS”. There is no need to use the revised criteria in Korea; the biopsy and imaging data are adequately diagnostic. @*Conclusions@#IWOS revised the OS diagnostic criteria by adding new parameters. However, this was unnecessary for Korea, where the biopsy and imaging data are adequately diagnostic.
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Appendiceal actinomycosis is very rare and its diagnosis is often difficult even in surgically resected specimens. Here we report two cases of appendiceal actinomycosis confirmed by pathologic examination of surgically resected specimens. Characteristic histologic features included transmural chronic inflammation with Crohn-like lymphoid aggregates and polypoid mucosal protrusion into cecal lumen through fibrous expansion of the submucosa. Chronic active inflammation involved the mucosa of the appendix and cecum around the appendiceal orifice. Crohn’s disease with predominant cecal involvement and inflammatory pseudotumor were considered as differential diagnoses. Careful examination revealed a few actinomycotic colonies in the mucosa, confirming the diagnosis. A high index of suspicion with awareness of the characteristic histologic features might prompt careful inspection for the actinomycotic colonies, leading to the appropriate diagnosis of this rare disease.
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Purpose@#To compare differences between the original criteria for diagnosis of ocular sarcoidosis (OS) (first International Workshop for OS [IWOS] 2009) and the revised criteria (sixth IWOS 2017), and their clinical usefulness when assessing OS in Korean patients. @*Methods@#We analyzed patients with suspected OS who visited our tertiary referral ophthalmological and pulmonary clinic from 2007 to 2018. We diagnosed patients using both sets of criteria. Blood test and biopsy data (collected by physicians) and slit-lamp, fundus, and fluorescein angiography data (collected by ophthalmologists) were reviewed. @*Results@#Thirty-four patients were diagnosed using both criteria. Of 32 patients who underwent biopsies, 31 had OS (96.87%). Using either set of criteria, 31 patients were diagnosed with definite OS and two with presumed OS. One patient diagnosed with possible OS using the previous criteria was diagnosed with presumed OS using the revised criteria. The new criteria add the lysozyme level, the CD4/CD8 ratio, and positron emission tomography imaging data to the old criteria and add the descriptors “presumed OS” and “probable OS”. There is no need to use the revised criteria in Korea; the biopsy and imaging data are adequately diagnostic. @*Conclusions@#IWOS revised the OS diagnostic criteria by adding new parameters. However, this was unnecessary for Korea, where the biopsy and imaging data are adequately diagnostic.
ABSTRACT
Appendiceal actinomycosis is very rare and its diagnosis is often difficult even in surgically resected specimens. Here we report two cases of appendiceal actinomycosis confirmed by pathologic examination of surgically resected specimens. Characteristic histologic features included transmural chronic inflammation with Crohn-like lymphoid aggregates and polypoid mucosal protrusion into cecal lumen through fibrous expansion of the submucosa. Chronic active inflammation involved the mucosa of the appendix and cecum around the appendiceal orifice. Crohn’s disease with predominant cecal involvement and inflammatory pseudotumor were considered as differential diagnoses. Careful examination revealed a few actinomycotic colonies in the mucosa, confirming the diagnosis. A high index of suspicion with awareness of the characteristic histologic features might prompt careful inspection for the actinomycotic colonies, leading to the appropriate diagnosis of this rare disease.
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Kyphoscoliotic Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (kEDS) is an autosomal recessive connective tissue disorder characterized by muscular hypotonia, hyperextensible skin, skin fragility, joint hypermobility, and progressive kyphoscoliosis. The disorder results from a deficiency of the enzyme collagen lysyl hydroxylase 1 due to mutations in the gene PLOD1. We describe the rare cases of kEDS in Korean siblings with two novel compound heterozygous variants, c.926_934del (p.Leu309_Leu311del) and c.2170_2172del (p.Phe724del) in the PLOD1 gene. They had congenital hypotonia, joint laxity, skin hyperextensibility, Marfanoid habitus, high myopia and atrophic scarring. The younger sibling had an early-onset progressive kyphoscoliosis, while the older sibling showed mild scoliosis during childhood. Intrafamilial variability of the clinical severity and age of kyphoscoliosis onset observed in our cases.
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Purpose@#The 8th edition of gallbladder cancer staging in the American Joint Committee on Cancer(AJCC) staging system changed the T and N categories. @*Materials and Methods@#In order to validate the new staging system, a total of 348 surgically resected gallbladdercancers were grouped based on the 8th edition of the T and N categories and comparedwith patients’ survival. @*Results@#Significant differences were noted between T1b-T2a (p=0.003) and T2b-T3 (p < 0.001)tumors, but not between Tis-T1a, T1a-T1b, and T2a-T2b tumors. However, significant survivaldifferences were observed both by the overall and pair-wise (T1-T2, T2-T3) comparisons(all, p < 0.001) without dividing T1/T2 subcategories. When cases with ! 6 examined lymphnodes were evaluated, significant survival differences were observed among the entire comparison(p < 0.001) and pair-wise comparisons of N0-N1 (p=0.001) and N1-N2 (p=0.039)lesions. When cases without nodal dissection (NX) were additionally compared, significantsurvival differences were observed between patients with N0-NX (p=0.001) and NX-N1(p < 0.001) lesions. @*Conclusion@#The T category in the 8th edition of the AJCC staging system did not completely stratify theprognosis of patients with gallbladder cancer. Modification by eliminating T subcategoriescan better stratify the prognosis. In contrast, the N category clearly determines patients’survival with ! 6 examined lymph nodes. The survival time in patients of gallbladder cancerswithout nodal dissection is between N0 and N1 cases. Therefore, close postoperative followedup is recommended for those patients.
ABSTRACT
Kyphoscoliotic Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (kEDS) is an autosomal recessive connective tissue disorder characterized by muscular hypotonia, hyperextensible skin, skin fragility, joint hypermobility, and progressive kyphoscoliosis. The disorder results from a deficiency of the enzyme collagen lysyl hydroxylase 1 due to mutations in the gene PLOD1. We describe the rare cases of kEDS in Korean siblings with two novel compound heterozygous variants, c.926_934del (p.Leu309_Leu311del) and c.2170_2172del (p.Phe724del) in the PLOD1 gene. They had congenital hypotonia, joint laxity, skin hyperextensibility, Marfanoid habitus, high myopia and atrophic scarring. The younger sibling had an early-onset progressive kyphoscoliosis, while the older sibling showed mild scoliosis during childhood. Intrafamilial variability of the clinical severity and age of kyphoscoliosis onset observed in our cases.
ABSTRACT
Kyphoscoliotic Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (kEDS) is an autosomal recessive connective tissue disorder characterized by muscular hypotonia, hyperextensible skin, skin fragility, joint hypermobility, and progressive kyphoscoliosis. The disorder results from a deficiency of the enzyme collagen lysyl hydroxylase 1 due to mutations in the gene PLOD1. We describe the rare cases of kEDS in Korean siblings with two novel compound heterozygous variants, c.926_934del (p.Leu309_Leu311del) and c.2170_2172del (p.Phe724del) in the PLOD1 gene. They had congenital hypotonia, joint laxity, skin hyperextensibility, Marfanoid habitus, high myopia and atrophic scarring. The younger sibling had an early-onset progressive kyphoscoliosis, while the older sibling showed mild scoliosis during childhood. Intrafamilial variability of the clinical severity and age of kyphoscoliosis onset observed in our cases.
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PURPOSE: T category of the eighth edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system for distal bile duct carcinoma (DBDC) was changed to include tumor invasion depth measurement, while the N category adopted a 3-tier classification system based on the number of metastatic nodes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To validate cancer staging, a total of 200 surgically resected DBDCs were staged and compared according to the seventh and eighth editions. RESULTS: T categories included T1 (n=37, 18.5%), T2 (n=114, 57.0%), and T3 (n=49, 24.5%). N categories included N0 (n=133, 66.5%), N1 (n=50, 25.0%), and N2 (n=17, 8.5%). Stage groupings included I (n=33, 16.5%), II (n=150, 75.0%), and III (n=17, 8.5%). The overall 5-year survival rates (5-YSRs) of T1, T2, and T3 were 59.3%, 42.4%, and 12.2%, respectively. T category could discriminate patient survival by both pairwise (T1 and T2, p=0.011; T2 and T3, p < 0.001) and overall (p < 0.001) comparisons. The overall 5-YSRs of N0, N1, and N2 were 47.3%, 17.0%, and 14.7%, respectively. N category could partly discriminate patient survival by both pairwise (N0 and N1, p < 0.001; N1 and N2, p=0.579) and overall (p < 0.001) comparisons. The overall 5-YSRs of stages I, II, and III were 59.0%, 35.4%, and 14.7%, respectively. Stages could distinguish patient survival by both pairwise (I and II, p=0.002; II and III, p=0.015) and overall (p < 0.001) comparisons. On multivariate analyses, T and N categories (p=0.014 and p=0.029) and pancreatic invasion (p=0.006) remained significant prognostic factors. CONCLUSION: The T andNcategories of the eighth edition AJCC staging system for DBDC accurately predict patient prognosis.
Subject(s)
Humans , Bile Ducts , Bile , Cholangiocarcinoma , Classification , Joints , Multivariate Analysis , Neoplasm Staging , Prognosis , Survival RateABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Billroth I anastomosis is one of the most common reconstruction methods after distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Intracorporeal Billroth I (ICBI) anastomosis and extracorporeal Billroth I (ECBI) anastomosis are widely used in laparoscopic surgery. Here we compared ICBI and ECBI outcomes at a major gastric cancer center. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed data from 2,284 gastric cancer patients who underwent laparoscopic distal gastrectomy between 2009 and 2017. We divided the subjects into ECBI (n=1,681) and ICBI (n=603) groups, compared the patients’ clinical characteristics and surgical and short-term outcomes, and performed risk factor analyses of postoperative complication development. RESULTS: The ICBI group experienced shorter operation times, less blood loss, and shorter hospital stays than the ECBI group. There were no clinically significant intergroup differences in diet initiation. Changes in white blood cell counts and C-reactive protein levels were similar between groups. Grade II–IV surgical complication rates were 2.7% and 4.0% in the ECBI and ICBI groups, respectively, with no significant intergroup differences. Male sex and a body mass index (BMI) ≥30 were independent risk factors for surgical complication development. In the ECBI group, patients with a BMI ≥30 experienced a significantly higher surgical complication rate than those with a lower BMI, while no such difference was observed in the ICBI group. CONCLUSION: The surgical safety of ICBI was similar to that of ECBI. Although the chosen anastomotic technique was not a risk factor for surgical complications, ECBI was more vulnerable to surgical complications than ICBI in patients with a high BMI (≥30).
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Body Mass Index , C-Reactive Protein , Diet , Gastrectomy , Gastroenterostomy , Intraoperative Complications , Laparoscopy , Length of Stay , Leukocyte Count , Postoperative Complications , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Stomach NeoplasmsABSTRACT
@# Objective: To investigate the correlation between the expression of E2F1 and growth arrest and DNA damage inducible protein 45g (GADD45g) in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and to explore whether GADD45g exerts its induction of DNA damage, cell apoptosis, senescence, cell cycle arrest and drug sensitivity in AML through inhibition of E2F1. Methods: A total of 32 cases of bone marrow specimens from patients initially diagnosed asAML in Hospital of Blood DiseasesAffiliated to ChineseAcademy of Medical Sciences from January 2013 to December 2016, were selected for this study; In addition, AML cell lines (U937, HL60, THP-1, Molm-13) were also collected for this study. The mRNAexpression of GADD45g and E2F1 in above mentioned specimens and cell lines by qPCR,andtheircorrelationwasalsoanalyzed.Thelentiviral vector over-expressing E2F1 (pLV-E2F1-RFP) was constructed to prepare recombinant lentivirus, which was then transfected Molm-13 and THP-1 cells that over-expressing GADD45g. Whether GADD45g exerts tumor inhibition effect on AML cells through inhibition of E2F1 was determined by comet assay, Annexin V/7AAD flow cytometry, β-galactosidase staining and PI staining flow cytometry etc. Results: The mRNA expression of GADD45g was negatively correlated with E2F1 in bone marrow of AML patients and AML cell lines (r=–0.663, P<0.01). Over-expression of GADD45g significantly inhibited the expression of E2F1 in AML cell lines (all P<0.01). Molm-13 and THP-1 cells that simultaneously over-expressing GADD45g and E2F1 were successfully constructed. Compared with the control group, the protein expressions of GADD45g and E2F1 in over-expression groups were significantly increased (all P<0.01). Compared with cells over-expressing GADD45g alone, simultaneous over-expression of both GADD45g and E2F1 significantly reduced the apoptosis, senescence and DNA damage (all P< 0.01), and rescued cell cycle arrest in Molm-13 and THP-1 cells (all P<0.01), thus further reduced the chemo-sensitivity of AML cells caused by GADD45g over-expression (all P<0.01). Conclusion: GADD45g exerts anti-tumor effect inAMLvia inhibition of E2F1.
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OBJECTIVES@#This study aimed to investigate the association between depression with atypical features and metabolic syndromes in Korean adults using the 2016 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) data.@*METHODS@#We used the 2016 KNHANES data to enroll 277 participants with a score of 10 or higher on Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Depression with atypical features was diagnosed when at least two of the following criteria were met : 1) sleeping more than 10 hours a day ; 2) weight gain of more than 3 kg in a year ; and 3) fatigue/anergia. Depression was divided into two groups based on the presence/absence of atypical features. Physical and mental health, and risk of metabolic syndrome were compared between the groups.@*RESULTS@#Among the 277 participants, 91 had depression with atypical features. We identified significant differences in age, sex, income, and education between the two groups. After adjusting for these variables, depression with atypical features had lower EuroQol-5D index scores (p<0.001) and higher prevalence of metabolic syndromes (p=0.035) compared to the depression without atypical features. Depression with atypical features had higher odds ratio (OR) in association with metabolic syndromes after adjusting for confounding variables (OR=1.923 ; 95% confidence interval : 1.069–3.460).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Depression with atypical features increases the risk of metabolic syndromes and lowers the quality of life.
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PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship between the progression of visual field (VF) loss and changes in lamina cribrosa depth (LCD) as determined by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) enhanced depth imaging in patients with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). METHODS: Data from 60 POAG patients (mean follow-up, 3.5 ± 0.7 years) were included in this retrospective study. The LCD was measured in the optic disc image using SD-OCT enhanced depth imaging scanning at each visit. Change in the LCD was considered to either ‘increase’ or ‘decrease’ when the differences between baseline and the latest two consecutive follow-up visits were greater than the corresponding reproducibility coefficient value (23.08 µm, as determined in a preliminary reproducibility study). All participants were divided into three groups: increased LCD (ILCD), decreased LCD (DLCD), and no LCD change (NLCD). The Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial criteria were used to define VF deterioration. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox's proportional hazard models were performed to explore the relationship between VF progression and LCD change. RESULTS: Of the 60 eyes examined, 35.0% (21 eyes), 28.3% (17 eyes), and 36.7% (22 eyes) were classified as the ILCD, DLCD, and NLCD groups, respectively. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed a greater cumulative probability of VF progression in the ILCD group than in the NLCD (p < 0.001) or DLCD groups (p = 0.018). Increased LCD was identified as the only risk factor for VF progression in the Cox proportional hazard models (hazard ratio, 1.008; 95% confidence interval, 1.000 to 1.015; p = 0.047). CONCLUSIONS: Increased LCD was associated with a greater possibility of VF progression. The quantitative measurement of LCD changes, determined by SD-OCT, is a potential biomarker for the prediction of VF deterioration in patients with POAG.
Subject(s)
Humans , Follow-Up Studies , Glaucoma , Glaucoma, Open-Angle , Optic Disk , Proportional Hazards Models , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Tomography, Optical Coherence , Visual FieldsABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Pancreatic cancer associated double primary tumors are rare and their clinicopathologic characteristics are not well elucidated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinicopathologic factors of 1,352 primary pancreatic cancers with or without associated double primary tumors were evaluated. RESULTS: Of resected primary pancreatic cancers, 113 (8.4%) had associated double primary tumors, including 26 stomach, 25 colorectal, 18 lung, and 13 thyroid cancers. The median interval between the diagnoses of pancreatic cancer and associated double primary tumors was 0.5 months. Overall survival (OS) of pancreatic cancer patients with associated double primary tumors was longer than those with pancreatic cancer only (median, 23.1 months vs. 17.0 months; p=0.002). Patients whose pancreatic cancers were resected before the diagnosis of metachronous tumors had a better OS than patients whose pancreatic cancer resected after the diagnosis of metachronous tumors (48.9 months and 13.5 months, p=0.001) or those whose pancreatic cancers were resected synchronously with non-pancreas tumors (19.1 months, p=0.043). The OS of pancreatic cancer patients with stomach (33.9 months, p=0.032) and thyroid (117.8 months, p=0.049) cancers was significantly better than those with pancreas cancer only (17.0 months). CONCLUSION: About 8% of resected pancreatic cancers had associated double primary tumors, and those from the colorectum, stomach, lung, and thyroid were common. Patients whose pancreatic cancer was resected before the diagnosis of metachronous tumors had better OS than those resected after the diagnosis of metachronous tumors or those resected synchronously.
Subject(s)
Humans , Diagnosis , Lung , Neoplasms, Multiple Primary , Neoplasms, Second Primary , Pancreas , Pancreatic Neoplasms , Prognosis , Stomach , Thyroid Gland , Thyroid NeoplasmsABSTRACT
Hepatoid carcinoma is extrahepatic neoplasm showing similar morphologic, immunohistochemical features with hepatocellular carcinoma. It's a very rare disease and has been reported most frequently in the stomach. Herein, we report a case of hepatoid carcinoma of pancreas presented with acute pancreatitis. The hepatoid carcinoma was diagnosed by his needle biopsy specimen and it showed pleomorphic nuclei and predominantly eosinophilic and occasionally clear cytoplasm in hematoxylin and eosin staining, and positive for HepPar-1 and cytokeratin 19 in immunohistochemical staining. Surgical treatment seems to be the best choice, if possible. However, there is no standard regimen for palliative chemotherapy. In our case, the patient was treated with 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), folinic acid, irinotecan, oxaliplatin (FOLFIRINOX). The response was stable disease up to 4 month of follow up.
Subject(s)
Humans , Biopsy, Needle , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular , Cytoplasm , Drug Therapy , Eosine Yellowish-(YS) , Eosinophils , Fluorouracil , Follow-Up Studies , Hematoxylin , Keratin-19 , Leucovorin , Pancreas , Pancreatitis , Rare Diseases , StomachABSTRACT
Schizophrenia is a major chronic mental illness with various symptoms that is often accompanied by substance use disorders. Patients with schizophrenia have a higher smoking rate than the general population and a lower smoking cessation success rate. Further, their motivation for smoking cessation is often low. Individuals with schizophrenia that are past or present cigarette smokers are more difficult to treat in terms of psychotic symptoms, are more likely to have physical illnesses, and have higher mortality rates. A variety of treatments, both pharmacological and non-pharmacological, are used to aid smoking cessation in patients with schizophrenia. Among these, bupropion, varenicline, and nicotine replacement therapy can be safely used in patients with schizophrenia, and several studies have demonstrated their effects. Cigarette smoking is an important health problem. The study of smoking cessation in individuals with schizophrenia may help improve their ability to function and their quality of life through active evaluation and treatment.