ABSTRACT
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP)is a “second messenger” that regulates cell signal transduction. Adenylyl cyclases(ACs)and phosphodiesterases(PDEs)can directly regulate cAMP level in cells and then regulate the downstream signaling pathways. Increasing intracellular cAMP level can inhibit inflammation and enhance smooth muscle relaxation, which is an effective strategy for the prevention and treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD). This paper briefly summarizes the signaling pathways regulating cAMP and their mechanisms and related drugs in COPD therapy, hoping to provide references for further research and development of new target drugs which regulate cAMP for the prevention and treatment of COPD.
ABSTRACT
Objective To explore influencing factors of the elderly's frailty. Methods Eight communities were randomly selected from Dalang Town, Dongguan City, and all the eligible elderly people were investigated using the self-developed frailty index. Univariate analysis was performed using the 2 test, and multivariate analysis was performed by ordinal multi-class Logistic regression. Results Univariate analysis showed that there were significant differences in the distribution of frailty conditions among different demographic characteristics, family relationships, economic situation and lifestyle (all P<0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that younger age (OR=0.13, P<0.001), male (OR=0.65, P=0.012), and daily exercise (OR=0.76, P=0.049) were protective factors for frailty of the elderly. Illiterate (OR=2.42, P<0.001), fewer times to see children per month (OR=1.82, P=0.035), pension funds as the main economic source (OR=1.59, P<0.001), low level of physical activity (OR=2.18, P<0.001) and none social participation (OR=1.41, P=0.004) were risk factors of frailty. Conclusion Age, gender, education level, times to see children per month, economic source, exercise frequency, physical activity level and social participation are the influencing factors of frailty of the elderly.