ABSTRACT
Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) exhibit hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia and increased risk of fracture at early stage, but they were found to have normal or even enhanced bone mineral density (BMD). This study was aimed to examine the molecular mechanisms governing changes in bone structure and integrity under both hyperglycemic and hyperinsulinemic conditions. Monocytes were isolated from the bone marrow of the C57BL/6 mice, induced to differentiate into osteoclasts by receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and exposed to high glucose (33.6 mmol/L), high insulin (1 μmol/L), or a combination of high glucose/high insulin (33.6 mmol/L glucose and 1 μmol/L insulin). Cells cultured in α-MEM alone served as control. After four days of incubation, the cells were harvested and stained for tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP). Osteoclast-related genes including RANK, cathepsin K and TRAP were determined by using real-time PCR. The resorptive activity of osteoclasts was measured by using a pit formation assay. Osteoclasts that were derived from monocytes were of multinucleated nature and positive for TRAP, a characteristic marker of osteoclasts. Cell counting showed that the number of osteoclasts was much less in high glucose and high glucose/high insulin groups than in normal glucose and high insulin groups. The expression levels of RANK and cathepsin K were significantly decreased in high glucose, high insulin and high glucose/high insulin groups as compared with normal glucose group, and the TRAP activity was substantially inhibited in high glucose environment. The pit formation assay revealed that the resorptive activity of osteoclasts was obviously decreased in high glucose group and high glucose/high insulin group as compared with normal group. It was concluded that osteoclastogenesis is suppressed under hyperglycemic and hyperinsulinemic conditions, suggesting a disruption of the bone metabolism in diabetic patients.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Mice , Bone Resorption , Metabolism , Pathology , Cells, Cultured , Cellular Microenvironment , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Metabolism , Pathology , Glucose , Metabolism , Insulin , Metabolism , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Osteoclasts , Metabolism , PathologyABSTRACT
Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) exhibit hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia and increased risk of fracture at early stage, but they were found to have normal or even enhanced bone mineral density (BMD). This study was aimed to examine the molecular mechanisms governing changes in bone structure and integrity under both hyperglycemic and hyperinsulinemic conditions. Monocytes were isolated from the bone marrow of the C57BL/6 mice, induced to differentiate into osteoclasts by receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and exposed to high glucose (33.6 mmol/L), high insulin (1 μmol/L), or a combination of high glucose/high insulin (33.6 mmol/L glucose and 1 μmol/L insulin). Cells cultured in α-MEM alone served as control. After four days of incubation, the cells were harvested and stained for tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP). Osteoclast-related genes including RANK, cathepsin K and TRAP were determined by using real-time PCR. The resorptive activity of osteoclasts was measured by using a pit formation assay. Osteoclasts that were derived from monocytes were of multinucleated nature and positive for TRAP, a characteristic marker of osteoclasts. Cell counting showed that the number of osteoclasts was much less in high glucose and high glucose/high insulin groups than in normal glucose and high insulin groups. The expression levels of RANK and cathepsin K were significantly decreased in high glucose, high insulin and high glucose/high insulin groups as compared with normal glucose group, and the TRAP activity was substantially inhibited in high glucose environment. The pit formation assay revealed that the resorptive activity of osteoclasts was obviously decreased in high glucose group and high glucose/high insulin group as compared with normal group. It was concluded that osteoclastogenesis is suppressed under hyperglycemic and hyperinsulinemic conditions, suggesting a disruption of the bone metabolism in diabetic patients.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore a new technique for the treatment of lower lip defect after carcinoectomy.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Six lower lip defects (more than two third of the length of the lower lip) after the tumor resection were treated with an orbicular muscular-mucous advancement flap.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All of the patients had achieved good results functionally and cosmetically with the following-ups from 6 months to 3 years.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The above mentioned techique could be a simple, safe and effective method for repairing lower lip defect.</p>