Impact of Auxin and Gibberellin on Vegetable Crops: A Review

Plant growth regulators, also known as phytohormones, are a class of organic chemicals, either naturally occurring or artificially synthesised, that exert control over specific physiological processes in plants. The application of these substances elicits a range of effects on vegetables, encompassing seed germination, the disruption of seed dormancy, the commencement of flowering, the induction of gametocidal effects, the promotion of fruit set, the stimulation of parthenocarpy, and the facilitation of fruit ripening, among others. Auxin plays crucial factor in the development of several vegetable crops, including cucurbits. Notably, the application of Naphthalene acetic acid at a concentration of 10 ppm has been observed to exert a significant influence on sex expression, fruit set, and overall production in cucumber plants. The application of 4-CPA resulted in the greatest quantity of commercially viable fruit in tomato plants. The application of Naphthalene acetic acid at a concentration of 40 ppm exhibited the most substantial enhancements in leaf area, percentage of fruit set, total fruit production, as well as the quantity and weight of seeds per fruit in chilli plants. The treatment involving the application of 80 ppm Naphthalene acetic acid in brinjal resulted in the observation of increased fruit length, average weight of fruit per plant, and greatest fruit diameter. Gibberellin is also of significant importance, since it participates in using the gibberellic acid route to produce tomato plants that exhibit enhanced performance in both irrigated and water-limited environments, hence increasing their drought tolerance. The application of GA3 at a concentration of 75 ppm has been found to be highly beneficial in improving vegetative growth and yield characteristics in brinjal, as well as in several other vegetable crops as detailed in the present study. Additionally, they serve a crucial function in augmenting the output and productivity of many vegetables breeding programmes, and ensuring food safety.

Impact of Boron and Zinc on Vegetables: A Review

Micronutrients are necessary for the development and continued existence of plant life, as well as the nourishment of crops. Boron and zinc are found to have beneficial effects on the growth, production, and quality of a wide variety of crops, such as tomatoes, chilies, brinjal, cauliflower, broccoli, okra, and carrots, amongst many others. The different studies show that boron in soil and foliar increases tomato vegetative growth and production. Boron 2 kg/ha in the soil and 150 ppm or 3.8 mg/L foliar spray improve yield. According to investigations, adding boron to chilli at 1-3 kg/ha increases yield. Boron, vermicompost, and magnesium are also claimed to increase yields in significant amount. The applying boron on brinjal produced a significantly higher yield, 26% yield increase over control. Applying borax in the soil and foliar concentration at 100 ppm increases cauliflower output and improves its vegetative characteristics. 100 ppm zinc foliar spray increases production by 150-200% in tomato. However, zinc treatment improves vegetative development and reproductive traits, directly increasing tomato output. Zinc applied at 0.5 to 0.75 % to chili increased overall yield significantly.it is also found that application of the zinc in bottle gourd, broccoli and okra found to be beneficial in increasing the overall production which will cause the benefit to the farmer. Concluding that the application of boron and zinc on vegetables found to be significantly beneficial in various ways as per discussed in the review.

Studies on Heterosis for Fruit Yield, Quality and ToLCV Resistant in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Aims: The current study was designed to investigate the nature and extent of heterosis for marketable fruit output, quality attributes, and resistance to tomato leaf curl virus.Study Design: Statistical Randomized Block Design.Place and Duration of Study: The current study was conducted in Horticulture Research Field at Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences at Prayagraj U.P. India during Rabi, 2016–17.Methodology: The experimental included three testers and thirteen lines During Rabi, 2016–17, out of these, ten lines (female parents) were crossed with every three testers (male parents). The resulting 30 F1s were assessed for yield, fruit quality, and leaf curl virus resistance. To gather data, five plants from each replication were randomly tagged in each entry and analysis of variance was performed. Heterosis over better parent (BP) was calculated by treating each feature using the approach proposed by Hayes et al. [1]. The studied data were statically analyzed using the Indostat software Hyderabad program.Results: The standard heterosis for fruit yield ranged from -67.19 to 29.70% Check (Kashi Abhiman). Five crosses viz., Arka Abha x Kashi Aman, Arka Abha x Kashi Vishesh, Pant T-7 x Kashi Vishesh, S-22 x H-88-78-5 and Pant T-7 x Kashi Aman were exhibited sufficient amount of significant and positive heterosis for fruit yield over standard check. The hybrids Azad T-5 x Kashi Aman and Pant T-7 x Kashi Aman exhibited low incidence with negative heterosis for the ToLCV incidence and severity.Conclusion: Commercialization of hybrid vigor in tomato (Solanum lycopersium L.) has gained prominence due to various advantages of hybrids over pure line varieties, including higher marketable fruit output, component characteristics, and resilience to biotic and abiotic stresses. According to data presented in the study it is concluded that hybrid vigour can obtain by crossing of parents having desirable characters in tomato.