Screening of flavonoids rich fractions of three Indian medicinal plants used for the management of liver diseases

ABSTRACTThe decoctions of the Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub., Fabaceae, Bauhinia variegata L., Fabaceae, and Ocimum gratissimum L., Lamiaceae, are traditionally used for the treatment of various types of hepatic disorder. Phytochemical studies have shown that total flavonoids from these plants were the major constituents of the picked out part of each plant. The present study was planned to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of flavonoid rich fractions of the B. monosperma, B. variegata and O. gratissimum against paracetamol induced liver damage. Flavonoid rich fractions were isolated by solvent fractionation from each plant. Each fraction was subjected to various qualitative chemical tests to findout the metabolites. Flavonoid fractions of each plant were subjected for pharmacological screening. The rats were monitored for change in liver morphology, biochemical parameters like serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin for the groups receiving the flavonoid-rich fractions. All flavonoid rich fractions showed significant hepatoprotective activity. The histological studies supported the biochemical parameters. From the results of biochemical analysis and histopathological studies, it can be accomplished that in the ethyl acetate fraction of O. gratissimum showed highest hepatoprotective activity as compared to other fractions. The present study was the first evidence of flavonoid-rich fractions of each plant have a remarkable hepatoprotective effect. All fractions contain a potent hepatoprotective agent suggested to be a flavone, which may find clinical application in amelioration of paracetamol-induced liver damage.

Isolation and Identification of Organism from Throat Swab Along with Sensitivity Pattern from the Patients in North India.

Background: Sore throat is the one of the commonest complaint of the patients in ENT OPDs. The prevalent cause of sore throat is in India is group A streptococci (GAS).But physicians across the country underestimate the real cause of the sore throat and prescribe the irrational use of antibiotic leading to development of resistance towards the antibiotics by the pathogens. Methods: The100 throat swab samples were collected with all aseptic precautions from sore throat patients in ENT OPD and also from other department of microbiology from March 2014 to December 2015. And were sent to microbiology department for throat swab culture & Sensitivity reporting. Result: A total of 100 patients suffering from sore throats were included in this study of which 57 were males and 43 were females. Out of 100 patients 35 were pathogenic 59 were nonpathogenic & there were no growth in 6 patients. The age range of study is from 2 years to 70 years. The isolated organism were E.Coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staph aureus,and alpha haemolytic streptococci were found out of 35pathogenic organism. Biomodal peak of more pathogenic growth was observed in the month of September, November and December. Culture sensitivity reports showed high sensitivity in of various pathogens towards erythromycin (mostly), Prisinomycin ,Cotrimoxazole, Linezolid,Vancomycin ,Cefaperazone, Polymyxin B Norfloxacin, Ampicillin and resistance towards Chloramphenicol,Gentamycin, Ampicillin, Cefazolin, Amoxicillin etc. Conclusion: This study gives us an insight to the current state of causative pathogens and their antimicrobial sensitivity from throat swab in Teerthanker Mahaveer Hospital. Alpha haemolytic Streptococci and staphylococcus aureus were the commonest organism isolated from throat swab.

Prevalence of Urinary Tract Infection among Diabetic Patients in North India.

Background: Urinary tract infections are defined as the spectrum of disease caused by invasion of microorganisms of the genitourinary tract. Symptomatic UTI may be present as a severe illness including higher frequency of bacteraemia and bilateral renal involvement with pyleonephritis or unusual clinical presentations of emphysematous cystitis. Methods: In sterile container clean voided midstream urine were collected and cultured on CLED agar, incubated at 370C overnight for visible growth. Results: Out of 100 diabetic patients 40 were males and 60 were females. Among them, 38 patients found to be suffering from UTI, in which 14 (36.84%) and female were 24 (63.16%). Escherichia coli 22 (57.90%) was most prevalent causing UTI, followed by Staphylococcus aureus 8 (21.05%), Klebsiella species 6 (15.79%), Pseudomonas species 1(2.63%) and Enterococcus species 1 (2.63%). Conclusion: High sugar level is the main cause of prevalence of urinary tract infection among the diabetic patients, so we need to control the sugar level in diabetic patients to reduce the prevalence of urinary tract infection in diabetic patients. Proper antibiotic policy in tertiary care hospitals to provide effective treatment as well as prevent the misuse of Antibiotics. However further studies with large sample size is highly recommended to further support the findings from this study.

Variations in the cutaneous innervation of the dorsum of foot – A case report.

The skin on the dorsum of the foot is innervated by the superficial peroneal, deep peroneal, sural and saphenous nerves. Most of the dorsum is supplied by the superficial peroneal nerve. Here we report a variation in the sensory innervation of the dorsum of the left foot in a 52 years old male cadaver. The skin of the first inter-digital cleft i.e., the cleft between the great and second toes which is normally innervated by the deep peroneal nerve was also supplied by the superficial peroneal nerve. A communication between the superficial and the deep peroneal branches were also observed prior to innervation. In addition, the fourth inter digital cleft i.e., cleft between the fourth and fifth toes which is normally innervated by the superficial peroneal nerve was supplied by the sural nerve. Cutaneous nerves on the dorsum of foot are at risk for iatrogenic damage while performing arthroscopy, local anaesthetic block, and surgical approach to the fibula, open reduction and internal fixation of lateral malleolar fractures, application of external fixators, elevation of a fasciocutaneous or fibular flaps for grafting, surgical decompression of neurovascular structures, or miscellaneous surgery on leg, foot and ankle. Therefore a detailed knowledge about the variations in the pattern of cutaneous innervation of dorsum of foot may decrease the damage to these nerves during operative procedures.

Additional root of median nerve: A case report.

Anomalies of the brachial plexus and its terminal branches are common. During routine dissection in an adult male cadaver in the right upper limb a rare variation in the formation of median nerve was observed. Median nerve was formed by three roots, one from medial cord and two from lateral cord of brachial plexus. The additional root originated from lateral cord 3 cm below the lateral root and had an oblique course in front of axillary artery and joined with the median nerve in the upper third of arm. However, the distribution of the anomalous median nerve was normal in arm, forearm and palm and arterial pattern was also normal. Presence of additional lateral root of median nerve though rare is of great academic and clinical significance in Orthopedics, Anaesthesiology, Sports medicine and Physiotherapy.