ABSTRACT
Nanotechnology exploits the exclusive characteristics of nanoparticles with size ranging from 1 to 1000 nanometers (nm). Various nanoparticles have presented magnificent potential for the fabrication of new drug carriers and vaccines. For designing vaccine significant attempts are done to engineer novel vaccines and to increase the efficiency of current vaccines for particular diseases. So far, few vaccines are engineered from killed pathogens or protein sub-units, while various vaccines are founded on live-inactivated pathogens that holds the danger of retrieval of their pathogenicity under some immune-compromised circumstances. To circumvent this designing of risk-free effectual vaccines in combination with satisfactory carrier systems are reflected as a vital requirement to attain preferred humoral and cellular immunity for various diseases. In the past years, utilization of vaccines based on nanoparticle has gained a pronounced responsiveness to increase aimed delivery, immunization approaches and vaccine effectiveness to attain preferred immune retorts at the cell level. To increase vaccine efficiency these nanoparticles mustguard the antigens from early proteolytic disintegration, controlled release, enable antigen internalization and management by antigen presenting cells for harmless human usage. Nanoparticles comprised of polymers, lipids, metals and proteins have previously been exploited to achievefew of these characteristics. In this context, various physicochemical characteristics of nanoparticles have a crucial part in the establishment of vaccine efficiency. This review emphases on the usage of nanoparticles centred vaccine and the importance of characteristics of nanoparticles to achieve effective vaccines delivery in order to prompt preferred host immunity against various diseases.
ABSTRACT
Cancer is the leading cause of death among individuals due to its poor prognosis. Various therapeutics treatments are available in form radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or immunotherapy but major point of concern is the treatment of cancer resistant cell lines. Homozygous loss of the p53 gene is virtually present in every type of cancer. Mutation in DNA binding domain of p53 leads to formation of mutant forms having altered amino acid sequence which lacks DNA binding activity. Berberine is chemo-sensitizing isoquinoline quaternary alkaloid molecule obtained from Berberis vulgaris. Berberine has the capability to suppress the growth of broad range of tumors. It exhibits pharmacological, biochemical and anticancer properties which can potentiate the activities of the existing therapeutics available in a way that it can re-sensitize the cancer resistant clones. Berberine has an immanent potential to bind with DNA and can communicate with several cellular targets, further it also shows hormetic effect which refers to biphasic dose response curve in order to determine dose dependent stimulatory and inhibitory effect. Mode of action involved is yet not well understood but mechanistic pathway involved are autophagy, up-regulation of tumor-suppressor gene (p53) and epigenetic alterations in the viral DNA. In this review, versatility of berberine can be utilized ideally or in combination with chemotherapeutics drugs to potentiate chemo sensitization of the resistant cancer cell line. Further, cancer cell specific receptor targeting can also be employed in combination with berberine for therapeutic treatment of metastasizing cancer cells.
ABSTRACT
Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the commonest health problem encountered in clinical practice. The biofilms play major role in decreasing the susceptibility to the antimicrobial agents. The present study aimed at isolation and identification of Escherichia coli from cases of urinary tract infection, and to find out production of biofilms by these isolates and to correlate it with antimicrobial resistance.Methods: This study was a cross sectional study. Urine specimen from patients suspected of UTIs were collected and processed by standard operative procedure, antibiotic susceptibility test was done by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Biofilm production in isolates was done by Tissue culture plate (TCP) method, Christensen’s test tube (CTT) method, and Congo red agar (CRA) method.Results: Out of the total of 250 isolates 191 (76%) showed biofilm positive by TCP method, 180 (72%) showed biofilm positive by CTT method, 161 (64%) showed biofilm positive by CRA method. 90% of total extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli were biofilm producers. There is more resistance for each and every antibiotic among biofilm producers in comparision to biofilm non producers.Conclusions: The microbial biofilms may pose a public health problem, as the microorganisms in the biofilms are difficult to be treated with antimicrobial agents.