ABSTRACT
@#Blastocystis is a prevalent infectious agent found in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. While the morphology of Blastocystis has been extensively studied, there is still a lack of comprehensive research on its ultrastructure, especially regarding surface characteristics and their correlation with pathogenic potential. Additionally, the subtyping of Blastocystis does not provide information on the isolate’s pathogenicity. This study aimed to examine the morphology and the cell surface of Blastocystis in avian and non-human primates, including peafowl, pheasant, and lion-headed tamarin. By employing light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), this study provides the first evidence of the cellular and surface features of Blastocystis in these animal species. Our findings revealed distinct variations in cell size, shape, and surface morphology among the different host species. Notably, the isolates from peafowl exhibited larger cell sizes compared to the isolates from the pheasant. However, interestingly, both animal species were found to exhibit the same Blastocystis ST6. It was also observed that the surface structure of Blastocystis from different hosts displayed a diverse range of patterns, including mesh-like appearances, deep indentations, and attachments to bacteria. Additionally, findings also revealed the presence of a rough surface structure in peafowl, a characteristic that has been previously linked to pathogenicity and symptomatic infection in animals, as indicated by earlier studies. The findings contribute to our understanding of the morphological features and the surface characteristic of Blastocystis in different host species, shedding light on the parasite’s adaptations and potential implications for host health.
ABSTRACT
@#Accurate diagnosis and prompt treatment are highly essential in the management of malaria, which is one of the deadliest infectious diseases worldwide, particularly in tropical and sub-tropical regions including Nigeria. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of malaria histidine-rich protein 2-based rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and microscopy in the diagnosis of falciparum malaria in Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional and hospital-based study. The standard method of microscopy was used as the gold standard. Giemsa stained thick and thin smears were prepared to count and detect malaria parasite species. Also, a malaria histidine-rich protein 2-based RDT was used to detect malaria parasites and diagnostic efficacy were determined through the measure of sensitivity, specificity, Positive Predictive Value (PPV), Negative Predictive Value (NPV), diagnostic accuracy and Youden Index (J). The result showed that out of the total 303 individuals examined, a total malaria prevalence of 67.0% and 68.0% were recorded for microscopy and RDT, respectively. Additionally, the sensitivity (95% C.I), specificity (95% C.I), PPV (95% C.I), and NPV (95% C.I) of RDT compared to microscopy were 97.54 (94.36-98.94), 92.00 (85.00-95.89), 96.12 (92.53-98.02), and 94.85 (88.50- 97.78), respectively. The diagnostic accuracy (95% C.I) and Youden Index (J) were 95.71 (92.77- 97.70) and 0.89, respectively. Conclusively, our study revealed that RDT continues to remain efficacious. Thus, while malaria diagnosis by microscopy which is the gold standard remains the major method of malaria detection, it should be complemented by rapid diagnostic test (RDT), particularly in high malaria endemic regions where mean parasite density of patients are usually high.
ABSTRACT
@#Malaria which is caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium is a devastating parasitic disease of major public health challenge worldwide, particularly Nigeria. This study was carried out to investigate the epidemiology of falciparum malaria among residents of rural and peri-urban communities in Ekiti State, Southwestern Nigeria. Standard parasitological technique of microscopy was employed to determine and identify parasite prevalence and species. A questionnaire was used to collect subject’s information such as age, sex, location, occupation and education. Out of the 300 individuals examined, a total of 283 (93.4%) individuals were infected with malaria parasite. Sex pattern of infection indicated that male had higher malaria prevalence of 95.0% compared to female with the prevalence of 93.3% (P>0.05). The age group 51 to 60 years had the highest malaria parasite prevalence of 100% while age group <10 years has the least malaria parasite prevalence of 86.0% (P>0.05). Similarly, a total mean malaria parasite density of 1455.90 parasite/μL of blood was recorded. The mean malaria parasite density does not significantly vary (P>0.05) among age and sex group. The age group >60 years recorded the highest mean parasite density of 2092.50 parasite/μL of blood while age group <10 has the least mean malaria parasite density of 1044. 42 parasite/μL of blood. In relation to sex, the highest mean malaria parasite density was found among the female (1461.80 parasite/μL of blood) compared to male (1450 parasite/ μL of blood). In the same vein, occupation as a socioeconomic risk factor play a major role with respect to malaria infection. The highest malaria prevalence of 113 (98.26%) was recorded among farmers while the least 34 (85%) was recorded among Civil servants (P<0.05). Thus, it is apparent that falciparum malaria is heavily prevalent in this study area and as such urgent management control measures and interventions should be made available and fully utilized.