ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE：To compare the chemical compo sition difference in methanol and petroleum ether fraction from Curcuma longa of different habitats. METHODS ：The ultrasonic method was used to extract C. longa from 7 defferent producingareas（S1-S7），and methanol and petroleum ether fraction were obtained and calculated yield. The curcumin compounds in methanol fraction were determined by LC-MS ；The chemical components in petroleum ether fraction were analyzed by GC-MS ， and the relative percentage content was determined by peak area normalization method after determining its structure by comparing NIST 2005 standard mass spectra and Wiley 275 standard mass spectra. SPSS 25.0 software was used for principle component analysis（PCA）and cluster analysis of relative percentage content of common components in petroleum ether fraction from C. longa of different habitats. At the same time ，the influence of latitude of the habitats on the content of total tumerone （by tumerone and ar-tumerone ）was analyzed. RESULTS ：The yield of methanol fraction were 1.35％-8.90％ from C. longa of 7 habitats；the yield of petroleum ether fraction were 0.81％-4.90％，which were the highest in C. longa from Longyan of Fujian Province. There was no significant difference in the relative content of curcumin compounds（reference peak area ）from S 1，S3-S7，which was in descending order as follows as curcumin ＞desmethoxycurcumin＞bisdemethoxycurcumin. There was slightly different in curcumin compounds of C. longa from S 2，mainly manifesting as the content of bisdemethoxycurcumin was higher than that from other producing areas. Totally 48 chemical compositions were identified from petroleum ether fraction in C. longa from different habitats ， mainly being sesquiterpenoids and monoterpenoids. 23，10，15，18，11，14，15 chemical compositions were identified from S1-S7，accounting for 94.49％，96.09％，95.66％，98.98％，99.24％，89.05％ and 97.27％. There were 4 common compositions in C. longa from different habitats ，which were tumerone （17.90％-43.07％），ar-tumerone（6.97％-33.66％），（6R，7R）-bisabolone （1.60％-4.28％），curlone（6.80％-20.63％）. PCA analysis showed that accumulative contribution rate of former 6 principle components was 100％. Cluster analysis showed that S1，S2， S6 was clustered into a category ，respecrively；and others intoa category. Total content of total tumerone decreased first and then increased as the increase of latitude ，which was the highest in Mianyang of Sichuan province （64.28％）and the lowest in Zhangzhou of Fujian province （26.92％）. CONCLUSIONS ： There are difference in composition and content of methanol and petroleum ether fractions in C. longa from different habitats.
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Objective:Lung ultrasound (LUS) has been used in the diagnosis of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome(RDS) successfully, but there have been no multicenter prospective studies to verify its reliability or determine how to grade RDS with LUS findings.This study aimed to discuss the necessity and feasibility of using LUS findings to determine RDS grades through a multicenter prospective study.Methods:Every researcher participated in the National Neonatal Lung Ultrasound Training Course and receiving 3-6 months of lung ultrasound system training at the National Neonatal Lung Ultrasound Training Center.Patients between June 2018 and May 2020 who met the RDS ultrasound diagnostic criteria and had full available clinical data were included in this study.The LUS examination was completed immediately after the patients were admitted to the hospital.Some of them also underwent chest X-ray examination.Arterial blood gas analysis was completed immediately before or after the LUS ultrasound examination.RDS grading was performed according to the LUS findings and whether the patient had serious complications.Results:A total of 275 qualifying cases were included in this study, which included 220 premature infants and 55 full-term infants, and the primary RDS occurred in 117 cases (42.5%), and secondary RDS occurred in 158 cases (57.5%). LUS manifestations of RDS patients can be divided into three categories: (1)A ground-glass opacity sign: which could be found among 50 infants when they were admitted to the hospital (that was, at their first LUS examination). Twenty-eight of these infants were considered to have wet lungs and were not sent for special management on admission, but LUS showed typical snowflake-like lung consolidation within 0.5 to 4 hours.Twenty-two of them were given mechanical ventilation with exogenous pulmonary surfactant; Eighteen cases were controlled within 6-12 hours, but the lung lesions became more severe in the other 4 infants (due to severe intrauterine infection). (2)Snowflake-like lung consolidations: the first LUS on admission showed typical snowflake-like lung consolidation involving areas ranging from 1-2 intercostal spaces to 12 lung divisions in 204 cases.Thirty-eight infants among them the lung consolidation only had involvement of 1-2 intercostal spaces at the time of admission; Fifteen of them received invasive respiratory support and recovered within 4-12 hours.Twelve patients received noninvasive respiratory support; Seven of them recovered, while five cases developed severe lung illness.The remaining 11 patients who were not given any form of ventilator support developed severe conditions within 1-4 hours.Thirty of them showed snowflake signs involving 12 lung regions at admission.The remaining 136 patients had lung consolidation degree between the two degree above condition.(3)Snowflake-like sign with complications: Twenty-one patients had severe complications such as pneumothorax, pulmonary hemorrhage or/and persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn or large area atelectasis, etc, although snowflake lung consolidation did not involve all lung regions.Conclusion:(1) LUS is reliable and accurate for diagnosing RDS.RDS has the same characteristics on ultrasound for both preterm and full-term infants, both primary and secondary RDS.(2) To facilitate the management of RDS, it is necessary to classify RDS according to the ultrasound findings and the presence of severe complications.(3) Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that RDS can be divided into mild, moderate and severe degrees.The exact standards for grading are as follows: Mild RDS: the early stage of RDS, in which lung consolidation shows as a ground-glass opacity sign on ultrasound; Moderate RDS: lung consolidation shows a snowflake sign on ultrasound, not all of the lung fields are involved; Severe RDS meets one or more of the following criteria: lung consolidation shows as a snowflake sign on ultrasound and all lung regions are involved, or regardless of its degree and extent, lung consolidation has caused serious complications, such as pulmonary hemorrhage, pneumothorax, persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, or/and a large area of pulmonary atelectasis.
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OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of puerarin on energy metabolism of the central nervous in acrylamide-exposed rats. METHODS: Specific pathogen free adult male SD rats were randomly divided into control group,model group,and puerarin low-,medium-,and high-dose groups,with 10 rats in each group. Intraperitoneal injection of acrylamide was given to rats in model group,and puerarin low-,medium-,and high-dose groups( 30 mg/kg body weight). Rats in control group were intraperitoneally injected with equal volume of 0. 9% sodium chloride solution. Rats in the puerarin low-,medium-,and high-dose groups were given puerarin of 40,80 and 160 mg/kg body weight,respectively after one hour of acrylamide exposure,three times a week for continuous 4 weeks. In the 4th week,the rats were sacrificed,the brain and spinal cord were isolated,and the ratio of adenosine diphosphate( ADP)/adenosine triphosphate( ATP),ATP activity and mitochondrial membrane potential( MMP) in brain and spinal cord tissue mitochondria were detected. RESULTS: The ADP/ATP ratio increased in mitochondria of brain and spinal cord tissue in model group and the three puerarin treatment groups( P < 0. 05),meanwhile the ATP synthase activity and MMP decreased compared with control group( P < 0. 05). The ADP/ATP ratio decreased in mitochondria of brain and spinal cord tissue( P < 0. 05),while MMP increased in mitochondria of brain tissue in the three puerarin treatment groups compared with model group( P < 0. 05). The ATP synthase activity increased in mitochondria of brain and spinal cord tissue of puerarin high-dose group( P < 0. 05),and MMP increased in mitochondria of spinal cord tissue of puerarin medium-does group and puerarin high-does group when compared with the model group( P < 0. 05). The ADP/ATP ratio in mitochondria of rat brain and spinal cord decreased with the increase of puerarin doses( P < 0. 05). The MMP of rat brain and spinal cord increased with the increase of puerarin dose( P < 0. 05). CONCLUSION: Puerarin enhances the energy metabolism function of the central nervous in rats by regulating mitochondrial ATP activity. It has certain protective effect on the mitochondrial membrane of central nervous system in rats exposed to acrylamide.
ABSTRACT
It is well known that puerarin possesses protective activity on neurodegenerative diseases. However, the exact path way involved in the protective effect of puerarin on MPP+ -induced cell death is unclear. In this study, we focused on mitochondria im pairment in the apoptotic process of MPP+ -elicited SH-SY5Y cells and detected the protection of puerarin. As evidenced by Trypan blue assay, the cell viability was significantly decreased by 1 mmol x L(-1) MPP+, but reversed by different concentrations puerarin pre treatment. Flow cytometer analysis revealed that MPP+ -induced SH-SY5Y cells apoptosis and arrested the cells in G2/M phase, where as puerarin pretreatment concentration dependently reversed the apoptosis ratio. In addition to the apoptosis ratio, 50.0 micromol x L(-1) puerarin pretreatment even altered the MPP+ -induced G2/M phase arrest. JC-1 assay suggested that MPP+ significantly opened MMP of the SH-SYSY cells; pretreatment with puerarin attenuated the deterioration of the MMP. Both ELISA and Western blotting showed that puerarin prevented the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondrial interior to the cystol elicited by MPP+. DNA ladder showed that typical DNA ladder was present in the MPP+ -induced SH-SY5Y cells. Additionally, MPP+ enhanced caspase-9 and caspase-3 ac tivity, respectively, while not caspase-8. However,the enhancement was concentration dependently blocked by puerarin pretreatment. Taken together, puerarin can modulate mitochondrial membrane potential and inhibit the cytochrome c releasing-caspase cascade to pre vent MPP+ -induced cell injury.