Quality standard for Compound Tougucao Solution / 中成药

AIM To establish the quality standard for Compound Tougucao Solution [Impatiens balsamina L.Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.,Gleditsia sinensis Lam and Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng.].METHODS The fingerprints of ten batches of samples were established,after which TLC was used for the qualitative identification of I.balsamina and Z.bungeanum,HPLC was adopted in the content determination of quercetin.RESULTS There were twenty-seven common peaks in the fingerprints with the similarities of 0.978-0.986,four of which were sodium benzoate,rutin,hyperoside and quercetin,respectively.The clear TLC spots were free from negative interference.Quercetin showed a good linear relationship within the range of 1.68-107.6 μg/mL (R2 =0.999 9),whose average recovery was 104.3％ with the RSD of 2.2％.CONCLUSION This stable and reproducible method can be used for the quality control of Compound Tougucao Solution.

Nosocomial septicemia in the early stage after stem cell transplantation in children with major β-thalassemia / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the clinical characteristics of nosocomial septicemia in the early stage after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in children with major β-thalassemia.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The clinical data were retrospectively analyzed of 55 consecutive children with major β-thalassemia who developed septicemia early after HSCT between January, 2011 and June, 2016.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among the total of 416 consecutive children with major β-thalassemia undergoing allogeneic HSCT, the incidence of nosocomial infection early after transplantation was 77.16% (321/416), and 55 (17.13%) children showed positive findings in blood culture test. The infections occurred most commonly in the oral cavity (65.5%), followed by the respiratory tract, intestinal tract and skin. Gram-negative bacteria, including Escherichia coli (27.3%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (21.8%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9.1%), were the most common causes of infections. Fungal (Candida tropicalis) infection caused septicemia in 1 case. Of all the pathogens, extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria were found in 6 cases, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in 2 cases, and multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in 2 cases.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Gram-negative bacteria are the major pathogens causing septicemia in children early after HSCT for major β-thalassemia, and the bacteria show a high level of drug resistance. Adequate preventive use of antibiotics and care of the oral cavity, the respiratory tract, and the perianal region following the transplantation are important measures to control nosoconial infection in these children.</p>

Estimation of cancer burden in Guangdong Province, China in 2009 / 癌症

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Surveying regional cancer incidence and mortality provides significant data that can assist in making health policy for local areas; however, the province- and region-based cancer burden in China is seldom reported. In this study, we estimated cancer incidence and mortality in Guangdong Province, China and presented basic information for making policies related to health resource allocation and disease control.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A log-linear model was used to calculate the sex-, age-, and registry-specific ratios of incidence to mortality (I/M) based on cancer registry data from Guangzhou, Zhongshan, and Sihui between 2004 and 2008. The cancer incidences in 2009 were then estimated according to representative I/M ratios and the mortality records from eight death surveillance sites in Guangdong Province. The cancer incidences in each city were estimated by the corresponding sex- and age-specific incidences from cancer registries or death surveillance sites in each area. Finally, the total and region-based cancer incidences and mortalities for the entire population of Guangdong Province were summarized.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The estimated I/M ratios in Guangzhou (3.658), Zhongshan (2.153), and Sihui (1.527) were significantly different (P < 0.001), with an average I/M ratio of 2.446. Significant differences in the estimated I/M ratios were observed between distinct age groups and the three cancer registries. The estimated I/M ratio in females was significantly higher than that in males (2.864 vs. 2.027, P < 0.001). It was estimated that there were 163,376 new cancer cases (99,689 males and 63,687 females) in 2009; it was further estimated that 115,049 people (75,054 males and 39,995 females) died from cancer in Guangdong Province in 2009. The estimated crude and age-standardized rate of incidences (ASRI) in Guangdong Province were 231.34 and 246.87 per 100,000 males, respectively, and 156.98 and 163.57 per 100,000 females, respectively. The estimated crude and age-standardized rate of mortalities (ASRM) in Guangdong Province were 174.17 and 187.46 per 100,000 males, respectively, and 98.59 and 102.00 per 100,000 females, respectively. In comparison with the western area and the northern mountain area, higher ASRI and ASRM were recorded in the Pearl River Delta area and the eastern area in both males and females.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Cancer imposes a heavy disease burden, and cancer patterns are unevenly distributed throughout Guangdong Province. More health resources should be allocated to cancer control, especially in the western and northern mountain areas.</p>

Combined use of non-biological artificial liver treatments for patients with acute liver failure complicated by multiple organ dysfunction syndrome / 世界急诊医学杂志（英文）

BACKGROUND: Acute liver failure (ALF) caused by viral and non-viral hepatitis is often accompanied with severe metabolic disorders, the accumulation of toxic substances and continuous release and accumulation of a large number of endogenous toxins and inflammatory mediators. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of various combined non-biological artificial liver treatments for patients with acute liver failure (ALF) complicated by multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). METHODS: Thirty-one patients with mid- or late-stage liver failure complicated by MODS (score 4) were randomly divided into three treatment groups: plasmapheresis (PE) combined with hemoperfusion (HP) and continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF), PE+CVVHDF, and HP+CVVHDF, respectively. Heart rate (HR) before and after treatment, mean arterial pressure (MAP), respiratory index (PaO2/FiO2), hepatic function, platelet count, and blood coagulation were determined. RESULTS: Signifi cant improvement was observed in HR, MAP, PaO2/FiO2, total bilirubin (TBIL) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels after treatment (P<0.05). TBIL and ALT decreased more signifi cantly after treatment in the PE+CVVHDF and PE+HP+CVVHDF groups (P<0.01). Prothrombin time (PT) and albumin were signifi cantly improved only in the PE+CVVHDF and PE+HP+CVVHDF groups (P<0.05). TBIL decreased more significantly in the PE+HP+CVVHDF group than in the HP+CVVHDF and PE+CVVHDF groups (P<0.05). The survival rate of the patients was 58.1％ (18/31), viral survival rate 36.4％ (4/11), and non-viral survival rate 70％ (14/20). CONCLUSION: Liver function was relatively improved after treatment, but PE+HP+CVVHDF was more efficient for the removal of toxic metabolites, especially bilirubin. The survival rate was significantly higher in the patients with non-viral liver failure than in those with viral liver failure.

S2-1 Effects of CO2-enriched water bath treatment on blood flow and angiogenesis in ischemic hind limb / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

Objectives: Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a major health problem; however, no satisfactory intervention is available for its treatment. This study was undertaken to investigate the effects as well as mechanisms of the CO2-enriched water bath (CEWB) treatment on blood flow in the ischemic hind limb. Experimental Model: For inducing PAD, the femoral artery was occluded for 5 weeks in rats. The animals were treated with or without CEWB at 37°C for 4 weeks (20 min daily; 5 days per week) starting one week after the artery occlusion. CEWB was prepared by using Carbothera (Mitsubishi Rayon Engineering Tokyo). The blood flow was measured by Pulse Wave Doppler Ultrasound technique before and after the ligation as well as at the end of 4 weeks treatment. The angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels) in the skeletal muscle was studied by histological examination. Results: The peak, mean or minimal blood flow was not detected in the untreated ischemic hind limb animals due to arterial ligation. However, the values for blood flow were about 50% of the control values upon treatment with CEWB; 67% of the ligated animals showed positive blood flow by CO2 treatment. Morphological examination of the treated ischemic skeletal muscle revealed a 3-fold increase in small artery count. Although plasma triglycerides were decreased and plasma NO concentration was increased in the ischemic animals, CEWB treatment produced no effects on these parameters. No mortality or changes in body wt, heart rate and plasma glucose, cholesterol or high density lipoproteins were seen in the control and experimental animals. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the beneficial effect of CEWB treatment on blood flow in hind limb PAD. Furthermore, it is suggested that this beneficial action of CO2 therapy may be due to the formation of new blood vessels in the ischemic skeletal muscle.

S2-1Effects of CO₂-enriched water bath treatment on blood flow and angiogenesis in ischemic hind limb / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

<b>Objectives:</b> Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a major health problem; however, no satisfactory intervention is available for its treatment. This study was undertaken to investigate the effects as well as mechanisms of the CO₂-enriched water bath (CEWB) treatment on blood flow in the ischemic hind limb.<BR><b>Experimental Model: </b>For inducing PAD, the femoral artery was occluded for 5 weeks in rats. The animals were treated with or without CEWB at 37°C for 4 weeks (20 min daily; 5 days per week) starting one week after the artery occlusion. CEWB was prepared by using Carbothera (Mitsubishi Rayon Engineering Tokyo). The blood flow was measured by Pulse Wave Doppler Ultrasound technique before and after the ligation as well as at the end of 4 weeks treatment. The angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels) in the skeletal muscle was studied by histological examination.<BR><b>Results:</b> The peak, mean or minimal blood flow was not detected in the untreated ischemic hind limb animals due to arterial ligation. However, the values for blood flow were about 50% of the control values upon treatment with CEWB; 67% of the ligated animals showed positive blood flow by CO₂ treatment. Morphological examination of the treated ischemic skeletal muscle revealed a 3-fold increase in small artery count. Although plasma triglycerides were decreased and plasma NO concentration was increased in the ischemic animals, CEWB treatment produced no effects on these parameters. No mortality or changes in body wt, heart rate and plasma glucose, cholesterol or high density lipoproteins were seen in the control and experimental animals.<BR><b>Conclusion:</b> This study demonstrates the beneficial effect of CEWB treatment on blood flow in hind limb PAD. Furthermore, it is suggested that this beneficial action of CO₂ therapy may be due to the formation of new blood vessels in the ischemic skeletal muscle.

Investigation on the perception of risk level of heat wave and its related factors in Guangdong province / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the risk perception of heat wave, and further explore its related factors in Guangdong province.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 2183 adults were selected by a multi-stage sampling method in Guangdong province. Each subject was interviewed in their home with a structured questionnaire by a well trained investigator from September to November, 2010. The questionnaire contained socio-demographic characteristics, heat wave related knowledge, risk perception of heat wave, etc. Chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression were employed in this study.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The average age of total 2183 participants was (39.31 ± 14.16) years, among which 53.37% (1165/2183) were males, and 48.74% (1064/2183) were selected from urban. About 38.11% (832/2183) of participants heard about heat wave, and 38.52% (841/2183) of subjects thought the heat wave had higher impact on their health (risk perception score of heat wave ≥ 5 points). About 81.91% (1788/2183) of all participants thought the weather in most recent years was hotter than several years ago. Among these people, 30.48% (545/1788) thought the main reason of weather becoming hotter was due to emission of carbon dioxide, and 26.51% (474/1788) thought it was due to air pollution. Results from the multivariate logistic regression showed that the risk perception score of heat wave were higher in subjects with higher education (OR = 2.16, 95%CI: 1.41 - 3.30), from urban(OR = 1.37, 95%CI: 1.10 - 1.72), with higher score of trust(OR = 1.08, 95%CI: 1.01 - 1.14) and participants with higher score of heat wave related knowledge (OR = 1.39, 95%CI: 1.27 - 1.52). Furthermore, compared to hierarchist, egalitarian (OR = 1.73, 95%CI: 1.30 - 2.29), individualist (OR = 1.93, 95%CI: 1.41 - 2.65) and fatalist (OR = 1.80, 95%CI: 1.41 - 2.29) also had higher risk perception score of heat wave.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>There is a lack of knowledge and risk perception to heat wave among the residents in Guangdong province. Risk perception of heat wave was higher in people who were from urban, had higher level of trust on government, experts and media, had higher health-related knowledge score, and non-hierarchists.</p>

What temperature index is the best predictor for the impact of temperature on mortality / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the suitable temperature index to establish temperature-mortality model.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The mortality and meteorological information of Guangzhou between year 2006 and 2010 were collected to explore the association between sendible temperature, heat index and deaths by adopting distributed lag non-linear model to fit the daily maximum, mean and minimum temperature with and without humidity. Q-Q plots based on the standardized residuals of each model were used to qualitatively access the goodness of fitting. The minimum Akaike information criterion (AIC) and residual sum of squares (RSS) value were used to explore the most suitable temperature index for model establishment, and to further analyze the fittest temperature index for different diseases, ages and cold and hot effect.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Guangzhou features a subtropical monsoon climate, with an annual average temperature at 22.9°C and daily average relative humidity of 71%. The standardized residuals of all models followed normal distribution. For all death, death from circulation system diseases, the 65-84 years old aging groups and cold effect models, the daily average temperature fit better, whose AIC (RSS) values were the smallest as 11 537 (1897), 9527 (1928), 10 595 (2018) and 11 523 (1899), respectively. However, for death from respiratory system disease, groups aging under 65 years old or over 85 years old and hot effect models, the daily average sendible temperature fit better, whose AIC (RSS) values were the smallest as 8265(1854), 675 (1739), 8550 (1871) and 11 687 (1938), respectively. In comparison with the model controlling both temperature and relative humidity, different diseases, aging groups and cold and hot effect models fitted by sendible temperature index showed smaller AIC (RSS) values. The relative risk (RR) value of the cold effect lagging 0 - 3 days fitting by daily maximal temperature was < 1, and the RR value of it fitting by daily minimum temperature was > 1.04. The RR value of the hot effect lagging 0 - 1 days fitting by daily maximal temperature was < 1.16, and the RR values of it fitting by daily minimum temperature and daily average temperature were > 1.16.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>There were no best temperature indicators for different diseases, ages and cold and hot effect. The model using sendible temperature index better fit the model including relative humidity as a covariable.</p>

The impact of temperature on cardiovascular disease deaths in 4 cities, China: a time-series study / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To estimate the effects of temperature on cardiovascular disease (CVD) deaths in 4 cities-Kunming,Changsha,Guangzhou and Zhuhai,from southern part of China.Methods Daily CVD deaths,meteorological and air pollution data were used to explore the association between temperature and mortality.Distributed lag non-linear model was fitted for each city to access the delayed and cumulative effects of low,median and high temperature on CVD deaths.Cold and hot effects of temperature on CVD deaths were then accessed,based on the linear threshold model.Results The city-specific exposure-response functions appeared to be non-linear.Temperatures that associated with the lowest mortality for Changsha,Kunming,Guangzhou and Zhuhai were 22.0 ℃,20.0 ℃,26.0 ℃,and 25.5 ℃.The greatest cumulative RRs (95％CI) for CVD deaths of low temperature during the delayed period of the study in the 4 cities were 1.858 (1.089-3.170),1.537 (1.306-1.809),2.121 (1.771-2.540) and 1.934 (1.469-2.548),while 1.100 (0.816-1.483),1.061 (0.956-1.177),1.134 (1.047-1.230) and 1.259 (1.104-1.436) for high temperatures in Changsha,Kunming,Guangzhou and Zhuhai respectively.The hot effect was greater than the cold effect on the current days.The hot effect was restricted to the first week,whereas the cold effect increased over the lag days,and then last for 3-4 weeks.Conclusion The city-specific exposure-response functions appeared to be non-linear.Both high and cold temperatures were associated with increased CVD deaths,but the impact of low temperature was more notable.Cold effect was delayed by several days but last for a longer period than the hot effect did.

Association between temperature and daily mortality in Guangzhou, 2006-2009: a time-series study / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To study the association between temperature and daily mortality from June 1, 2006 to December 31, 2009 in Guangzhou. Methods Time series approach was used to estimate the impact of temperature on the rates of total and cause-specific daily mortality. We fitted generalized additive Poisson regression using non-parametric smooth functions to control for the long-term time trend, day of week, air pollution and other weather variables. Results A slight sloping U-like relationship between the total mortality and temperature was found, with an optimum average temperature (temperature with lowest mortality risk) value of 19.7 ℃ in Guangzhou. For temperature above the optimum value, the relative risk of total mortality increased by 3.0% (RR=1.030,95%CI: 1.011-1.050) for each increase of degree in Celsius. For average temperature below the optimum value, the relative risk of total mortality and diseases of circulatory system had a 3.3%(RR=0.967,95%CI: 0.936-0.997 ) decrease and a 3.6% ( RR= 0.964,95%CI:0.935-0.994 ) increase,for each degree of Celsius increase, respectively. Conclusion Our findings showed that the temperature had an impact on the daily mortality in Guangzhou. Countermeasures needed to be taken to reduce the temperature related mortality.

Association between distorted weight perception and suicide ideation among normal weight adolescents / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the relationship between distorted weight perception and suicide ideation among normal weight adolescents in Guangdong province.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>This study used the data of Guangdong Provincial Youth Health Risk Behavior Survey in 2004 and 2007. To identify the association between distorted weight perception and suicide ideation, a logistic regression analysis was performed. The effects of age, economic status, mother's education, mental health, and depression were also adjusted.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 12 729 people participated in this study, 6096 males and 6633 females. The prevalence of suicide ideation among normal weight adolescents was 13.58% (1729/12 729) in the past 12 months, with higher prevalence in girls (16.15%, 1071/6633) than that in boys (10.79%, 658/6096) (χ(2) = 77.71, P = 0.00). It was common that the adolescents misperceived their weight. Only 44.93% (5719/12 729) of normal weight students correctly perceived their body weight while 43.52% (5540/12 729) of them overestimated their weight and 11.43% (1455/12 729) underestimated their weight. The distorted weight perception in girls (65.58%, 4350/6633) was higher than that in boys (43.39%, 2645/6096) (χ(2) = 993.91, P = 0.00). Distorted weight perception was significantly associated with suicide ideation after controlling for factors age, economic status, mother's education, mental health, and depression. The students who overestimate their body weight were more likely to have suicide ideation than that who correctly perceived their weight (OR = 1.43, 95%CI: 1.27 - 1.61).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The prevalence of distorted weight perception was high and it significantly associated with suicide ideation.</p>

Prevalence regarding weight misperception and related influencing factors among residents in Guangdong province / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To explore the prevalence of weight misperception and related influencing factors among adult residents in Guangdong province so as to provide information for prevention and control on weight misperception.Methods A multi-stage stratified random sampling method was used to select the sample.Forty-two streets/villages were selected from 21 counties/districts through randomly sampling.Four communities were then chosen from every selected town or district,followed by 40 families chosen from every village or community.Questionnaire was used to collect data on weight perception and its related risk factors.SPSS 16.0 was used for data analysis.Results There were 6625 respondents participating in the study.Out of them,50.2％ participants misperceived their weight status,among which 35.9％ of them underestimated while 14.3％overestimated their weights.Females aged 15-24 were more likely to overestimate weights than males in the same age group (38.6％ vs.18.5％),while males were more likely to underestimate weights than females (25.8％ vs.8.5％ ).The prevalence of underestimation on weights increased with the increase of age in both males and females but the prevalence of overestimation on weights decreased.Data from multivariate results from logistic analysis showed that rural residents,males,being elderly,residents with low education level,manual occupations (agriculture,forestry,animal husbandry and fishery),low family income and with anxiety were the major risk factors on underestimation of weight.However,factors as being urban residents,females,adolescents,minority and never having received weight measurement etc.were the major risk factors of overestimated on weight.Conclusion Misperceptions of weight status in Guangdong province exhibited a high prevalence with complicated influencing factors,calling for more psychological research to be carried out to prevent and reduce the misperceptions on weight status.

Study on health-related behaviors among males in rural and urban residents from Guangdong province / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To compare the magnitude of inequities in health-related behaviors among males in Guangdong province, and to investigate the extent of the disparities. Methods Data sets available from the Guangdong Chronic Diseases and Risk Factors Survey 2007 are used.Concentration index (C) and concentration curve are employed to measure the differential of males'health-related behaviors across urban and rural areas in Guangdong. Odds ratios of 6 health-related behaviors among different areas are derived from 4 logistic models, after adjusting for age, married state, educational status, occupation and income. Results Results from Cs reveal that the inequality gradients disadvantageous to men in rural areas are: smoking(C=-0.075, P=0.000), alcohol intake (C=-0.023, P=0.002), blood pressure (C=0.106, P=0.000), blood sugar(C=0.114, P=0.000)and weight (C= 0.107, P= 0.000 ), while lack of physical activity (C= 0.044, P= 0.000) concentrates in the more affluent areas. The magnitudes of these inequalities appear to be higher on health-seeking behaviors than on health-risk behaviors. After adjusting for age and marital status, there is still strong evidence showing the rural-urban differences in the health related behaviors among males in Guangdong province. When educational status, occupation and income are added to the logistic model as control factors, the results have led to a loss of statistical significance on such rural-urban inequalities, indicating that socioeconomic factors play an important role on these health-related behaviors which leads to the inequalities among males in Guangdong province. Conclusion To reduce the gaps in health-related behaviors seen in the rural and urban areas, effective policies should be developed to change the social determinants of rural-urban differences in health and to strengthen the implementation of health-related programs on those vulnerable groups.

Relationships between weight status and bullying victimization among school-aged adolescents in Guangdong Province of China / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To examine relationships between weight status and different forms of bullying victimization among adolescents aged 11-18 years.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The relationships between weight status and bullying victimization (physical, verbal, and relational) were examined utilizing data from the Guangdong Provincial Youth Health Behavior Survey. Data on height, weight, and victimization behaviors were collected by self-reporting from 12 439 subjects. , test and logistic regression were used to analyze relationships between weight and bullying victimization.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The incidence of victimization for adolescents aged 11-18 years was 8.6%, with higher rates for boys (12.4%) than for girls (4.7%). For children with normal, overweight and obese body mass index (BMI), the incidence rates of victimization were 8.2%, 17.3%, and 11.5%, respectively. Compared to normal weight, overweight was a risk factor for bullying victimization(OR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.18-2.17), and it also increased children's risk of being teased in a hurtful way (OR = 2.13, 95% CI: 1.41-3.24) and being made fun of due to physical appearance (OR = 3.58, 95% CI: 2.27-5.67). Obesity only increased the risk for children of being made fun of due to physical appearance (OR = 2.45, 95% CI: 1.44-4.15).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The victimization for children at school is common in Guangdong province, China. Overweight and obese children are more likely to be victims of bullying behaviors, especially verbal victimization.</p>

Evaluation on the health education program regarding prevention of non-fatal drowning amongschool-aged children in Lianping county, Guangdong province / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To evaluate the outcome of health education program on drowning prevention among primary and secondary school children in rural areas. Methods A township was selected and all the students from grade 3 to 5, grade 7 to 8, and grade 10 to 11 were selected to take part in the program. Twelve intervention measures on natural water safety and drowning prevention were carried out for one year. Information was collected using the same questionnaire before and after the intervention program. Results One year after the intervention was carried out, children's knowledge on drowning prevention improved significantly (13.21, 95% CI: 12.51-13.90) , and a positive effect was also noticed among boys (12.77, 95%CI: 11.77-13.77), girls (13.80, 95%CI: 12.82-14.78),and among primary school children (15.51,95%CI: 14.30-16.72), senior high school children (10.78,95%CI: 9.50-12.05) and junior high school children (12.77,95%CI: 11.84-13.71). Overall rates on risk behaviors dropped from 41.4% to 32.2% (by 22.2%) including 15.6% for boys, 35.2% for girls and 13.8%, 29.3%, 26.3% for primary school children, senior high school children, junior high school children, respectively. The incidence rates for non-fatal drowning decreased by 58.9% (from 5.6% to 2.3%). The person-times for treatment on sight, in emergency settings, in outpatient clinic or in the hospitals had a reduction from 399, 78, 36 to 175, 32, 14, respectively. Conclusion Health education program could improve children's perception on water safety, and reduce their risk behaviors as well as on the incidence of non-fatal drowning in the rural areas.

Features on suicide attempts and its influencing factors among residents in Guangdong province / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand the prevalence of suicide attempts and its related risk factors in Guangdong province to provide scientific basis information for suicide intervention.Methods Multi-stage stratified random sampling method was used to select the sample.42 sweets or towns were selected from 21 counties or districts through randomly sampling.4 communities were then chosen from every selected town or district,followed by 40 families chosen from every village or community.Questionnaire was used to collect data on suicide attempts and its related risk factors.SPSS 16.0 was used for data analysis.Results 6625 peoples were participated in the study.The 12-month incidence of suicidal attempts was 0.8%.It was higher for females ( 1.1% ) than that for males(0.5%) ,and the 25-35 years(1.6%) age group was among the highest.There was no significant difference between the prevalence rates in urban or rural residents.Results from multivariate analysis showed that factors as:being female (OR=2.1),experienced negative events of life (OR= 15.5),in poor sleeping condition ( OR = 1.6),feeling lonely (OR=1.5 ) and anxiety (OR = 1.8 ) were high risk for suicide attempts.Conclusion Suicide attempts in Guangdong province exhibited a high prevalence with complicated influencing factors.Comprehensive countermeasures are needed to prevent and reduce suicidal behaviors.

Study on the events of nonfatal drowning among primary and middle school students in a rural town of Guangdong province, 2006 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand the incidence and characteristics of nonfatal drowning among primary and middle school students in rural area and to provide basic information for intervention.Methods A rural town was selected and all students from 3th-8th grades,10th grade and 11th grade were studied.All data were collected,using a self-administrated questionnaires which was guided by investigator.Results The overall incidence rate of nonfatal drowning was 5.65%(549/9732)and were 7.69%,5.80%,2.39%for primary,secondary and high school students,respectively.Male students had a higher rate(7.14%)than that of females(4.03%).The incidence rates of non-treated,treated in emergency and under hospitalization were 4.52%,0.77% and 0.35%.The major reasons of drowning were swimming (46.88%),falling into waters(15.67%),diving(13.79%)and rescuing others(6.24%).The proportion of drowning occurred in the afternoon,evening,at noon or in the morning were 59.94%,15.64%,14.77%and 9.65%respectively.The common sites of drowning were river/lake(42.48%),swimming pool(19.56%),reservoir(11.39%)and pond(4.38%).66.76%of the drowning cases were witnessed by other person,and 17.86%were conscious when being removed from waters.Conclusion The incidence of nonfatal drowning among students in rural areas was high,and the natural body of waters was the most common site causing drowning while swimming was the major reason of drowning.Intervention targeting on primary and middle sehool students in rural should be carried out to reduce the incidence.

A cross sectional survey on serum lipid level and its influencing factors in children aged 3-14 years in Guangdong province / 中华心血管病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the serum levels of cholesterol, triglyceride and high density lipoprotein cholesterol in children aged 3-14 years and its influencing factors.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The cross-sectional survey study population was a representative sample from Guangdong province obtained by multi-stage randomized cluster sampling. Serum lipids in 6188 children aged > or = 3 years were assayed using automatic biochemical instrument. The data of social and demographic status were collected by face-to-face interview, and height and weight were obtained by physical examination.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The age-standardized and region-weighted means of serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were 0.80 mmol/L, 3.50 mmol/L and 1.28 mmol/L, respectively. For the mean of TG, there was no difference between metropolitan and middle city, nor between rich county and poor county. For TC, it was the highest in metropolitan, and there was no difference between rich and poor county. For HDL-C, the difference existed between every two regions. The age-standardized and region-weighted prevalence of high TG, high TC and low HDL-C were 2.2%, 2.1% and 8.0%, respectively. Metropolitan, rich county, low weight and age between 7.0-9.9 years are protecting factors for high TG, and the number of family between 3-4, age between 7.0-9.9, metropolitan, middle city and poor county are risk factors for high TC. Male, family income per year between 800-9999 RMB, middle city, rich county are protecting factors for low HDL-C.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The prevalence of abnormal serum lipid was still low compared with other regions in China. The region, number of family member, age and sex may be the important factors influencing on serum lipid levels.</p>

Study on the epidemiological characteristics of overweight and obesity among population aged eighteen and over in Guangdong Province in 2002 / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To describe the epidemiological characteristics of overweight and obesity among people aged 18 and over in Guangdong province in 2002, and to identify the populations and regions under high risk.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Cross-sectional survey was used through sampling on multi-stage randomized clusters. Data of socialeconomic status were collected by face-to-face interview. Data on weight and height was obtained through physical check-ups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A sample size of 15 130 people and the mean body mass index (BMI) was 22.03 +/- 3.38 with no significant difference between males and females. However the significant difference was seen between cities and rural areas. The crude prevalence rate of overweight and obesity were 16.8% and 1.8%, and the age-adjusted rate were 15.0% and 1.7%, respectively. The crude rate of overweight in cities (24.8%) and males (17.5%) were higher than that in rural areas (9.4%) and females (16.2%). The crude rate of obesity in cities was seen higher than that in the rural areas, but not significantly different between females and males. The results of logistic regression analysis showed that the major risk factors influencing overweight would include household income, age, gender, smoking habits, physical exercises and location of residence.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>About one sixth of the citizens in Guangdong province were considered to be overweighted and obesive had become an important public health problem. Integrated measures must be taken for prevention and control.</p>