ABSTRACT
Escin, as an internally applied anti-inflammatory agent, has been widely used in the treatment of inflammation and edema resulting from trauma or operation in the clinic. However, the effect of its external use on cutaneous inflammation and edema remains unexplored. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory and anti-edematous effects of external use of escin were studied in carrageenan-induced paw edema and histamine-induced capillary permeability in rats, paraxylene-induced ear swelling in mice, and cotton pellet-induced granuloma in rats. Effects of external use of escin gel on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were determined by ELISA. The anti-inflammatory mechanism was explored by detecting the expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) with Western blotting and Real-time PCR analyses, with further exploration of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (P38MAPK) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) expressions. We demonstrated that external use of escin showed significant anti-inflammatory effects on acute and chronic inflammation in different animal models and its anti-inflammatory effects might be related to down-regulation of PGE2, TNF-α, and IL-1β. The results also showed that escin exerted its anti-inflammatory effects by promoting the expression of GR, with the possible mechanism being inhibition of the expressions of GR-related signaling molecules such as NF-κB and AP-1.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Humans , Male , Mice , Rats , Aesculus , Chemistry , Anti-Inflammatory Agents , Dinoprostone , Allergy and Immunology , Edema , Drug Therapy , Genetics , Allergy and Immunology , Escin , Interleukin-1beta , Genetics , Allergy and Immunology , Plant Extracts , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Receptors, Glucocorticoid , Genetics , Allergy and Immunology , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha , Genetics , Allergy and ImmunologyABSTRACT
Escin, as an internally applied anti-inflammatory agent, has been widely used in the treatment of inflammation and edema resulting from trauma or operation in the clinic. However, the effect of its external use on cutaneous inflammation and edema remains unexplored. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory and anti-edematous effects of external use of escin were studied in carrageenan-induced paw edema and histamine-induced capillary permeability in rats, paraxylene-induced ear swelling in mice, and cotton pellet-induced granuloma in rats. Effects of external use of escin gel on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were determined by ELISA. The anti-inflammatory mechanism was explored by detecting the expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) with Western blotting and Real-time PCR analyses, with further exploration of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (P38MAPK) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) expressions. We demonstrated that external use of escin showed significant anti-inflammatory effects on acute and chronic inflammation in different animal models and its anti-inflammatory effects might be related to down-regulation of PGE2, TNF-α, and IL-1β. The results also showed that escin exerted its anti-inflammatory effects by promoting the expression of GR, with the possible mechanism being inhibition of the expressions of GR-related signaling molecules such as NF-κB and AP-1.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Humans , Male , Mice , Rats , Aesculus , Chemistry , Anti-Inflammatory Agents , Dinoprostone , Allergy and Immunology , Edema , Drug Therapy , Genetics , Allergy and Immunology , Escin , Interleukin-1beta , Genetics , Allergy and Immunology , Plant Extracts , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Receptors, Glucocorticoid , Genetics , Allergy and Immunology , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha , Genetics , Allergy and ImmunologyABSTRACT
Objective To explore the optimal bowel preparation for capsule endoscopy (CE). Methods 102 patients were recruited for CE and randomly divided into 3 groups. The group A (n = 40) : patients received polyethylene glycol electrolyte powder (PEG) 137.12 g dissolved in 2 000 ml water at 21:00 one day prior to CE, and taken PEG 68.56 g dissolved in 1 000 ml of water four hours before the procedure. Group B (n = 32): patients received PEG 205.68 g dissolved in 3 000 ml of water four hours prior to CE. Group C (n = 30): patients used a 500 ml 20% mannitol and 2 500 ml water bowel preparation four hours prior to CE. All patients were treated with 120 mg simethicone immediately after swallowing CE. The incidences of adverse events, small-bowel preparation quality and transit time were analyzed. Results The adverse effects rate in each group was similar (15.00%, 15.63% vs 16.67%, P > 0.05). The small-bowel preparation quality was better in both B and C groups than A group (P < 0.05). In the C Group, small-bowel preparation quality was slightly better than the B group, but the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). In comparison with patients in both B and C groups, those in A group had a longer small-bowel transit time (P < 0.05), whereas there was no significant difference between B and C group (P > 0.05). Conclusion Bowel cleansing effect was better in single dose regimen than split dose protocol. The single dose regimen of 500 ml 20% Mannitol for bowel preparation is suitable prior to CE.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of 2,3,4',5-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG), an active component extracted from the root of Polygonum multiflorum, on angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced proliferation of cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and to identify the potential mechanism.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Cell proliferation and cell cycle were determined by cell counting, 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation assay, proliferating cell nuclear antigen protein expression and flow cytometry. Levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), mitogenic extracellular kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2) and Src in VSMCs were measured by Western blot. The expression of c-fos, c-jun and c-myc mRNA were measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured by fluorescence assay.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>TSG significantly inhibited Ang II-induced VSMCs proliferation and arrested cells in the G /S checkpoint (P<0.05 or P<0.01). TSG decreased the levels of phosphorylated ERK1/2, MEK1/2 and Src in VSMCs (P<0.05 or P<0.01). TSG also suppressed c-fos, c-jun and c-myc mRNA expression <0.05 or P<0.01). In addition, the intracellular ROS was reduced by TSG (P<0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>TSG inhibited Ang II-induced VSMCs proliferation. Its antiproliferative effect might be associated with down-regulation of intracellular ROS, followed by the suppression of the Src-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 signal pathway, and hence, blocking cell cycle progression.</p>