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Objective:To investigate the effect of conducting general anesthesia with sevoflurane combined with remifentanil on the anesthetic effect and stress indexes in patients undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy.Methods:A total of 80 patients undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy in the Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical College from April 2020 to August 2020 were selected and divided into the observation group and the control group according of the number table method, with 40 cases in each group. In the control group, sufentanil, propofol and rocuronium were used to induce anesthesia, and propofol and remifentanil were intravenously administered during anesthesia maintenance.The observation group received the same induction anesthesia, followed by 2% sevoflurane inhalation combined with remifentanil to maintain anesthesia. The anesthetic effect, stress indexes at different postoperative time points and adverse reaction between the two groups were compared.Results:The scores of mini mental state evaluation (MMSE) at 0.5, 1 and 2 h after the surgery and the scores of observer′sassessment of alertness/sedation scale (OAA/S) atimmediately after extubation, 1 and 2 h after surgery in the observation group were higher than those in the control group, there were statistical differences ( P<0.05). The wake up time and extubation time in the observation group were shorter than those in the control group: (9.22 ± 1.67) min vs. (15.94 ± 1.44) min, (10.34 ± 1.46) min vs. (17.11 ± 1.33) min, there were statistical differences ( P<0.01). The systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, epinephrine and cortisol at 10 min after intubation and at the end of surgery in the observation group were lower than those in the control group, there were statistical differences ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Sevoflurane combined with remifentanil conducting anesthesia can better improve the cognitive function of patients, shorten the recovery time of postoperative consciousness, and reduce the intraoperative stress response.
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Objective:To investigate the effect of ultrasound-guided continuous saphenous nerve block on preemptive analgesia in elderly patients undergoing unilateral total knee arthroplasty(TKA) under general anesthesia.Methods:A total of 120 elderly patients who received unilateral TKA in the Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical College from June 2020 to October 2020 were enrolled and they were divided into group A (saphenous nerve block + general anesthesia), group B (femoral nerve block + general anesthesia) and group C (simple general anesthesia) by random numbering method, with 40 cases in each group. The visual analogue pain (VAS) scores, knee range of motion, RS agitation scores and Ramsay sedation scores at different time points after surgery and postoperative recovery and analgesia were compared among the three groups.Results:The static state and dynamic state VAS scores in the group A and group B at 6, 12, 24, 48 h after the surgery had no significant differences ( P>0.05). The knee range of motion in the group A at 6, 12, 24, 48 h after the surgery were higher than that in group B and group C: (74.8 ± 8.1)° vs. (68.4 ± 8.2)°and (63.2 ± 7.0)°, (77.4 ± 10.9)°vs.(73.0 ± 10.0)° and (68.6 ± 8.3)°, (82.6 ± 10.4)° vs. (77.4 ± 9.6)°and (73.2 ± 8.3)°, (91.8 ± 6.1)° vs. (86.8 ± 6.6)° and (82.8 ± 5.3)°, the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). The RS agitation scores and Ramsay sedation scores in the group A and group B had no significant differences ( P>0.05). The first time to the ground in the group A was shorter than that in the group B : (20.9 ± 3.0) h vs. (27.4 ± 3.5) h; the walking distance in the group A was longer than that in the group B: (7.1 ± 1.6) m vs. (5.2 ± 1.3) m, the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Ultrasound-guided continuous saphenous nerve block has a good postoperative analgesic effect in elderly patients with unilateral TAK under general anesthesia. It can promote the recovery of directional force and knee range of motion in patient.
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Clinicopathological data of 15 patients with pyloric early cancer and precancerous lesions, who received endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) in Zhejiang Cancer Hospital from March 2011 to January 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Postoperative pathology showed 7 cases of low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia, 3 cases of high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia, and 5 cases of early gastric cancer. R0 complete resection was achieved in all patients. The mean operation time was 55.2 min (35-78 min). One patient had delayed postoperative bleeding, and no other complications such as bleeding, perforation or abdominal pain occurred in other 14 patients. No recurrence, metastasis or pyloric stenosis was found during the follow-up of 31.3 months (1-106 months). ESD is safe and effective for early cancer and precancerous lesions in the pylorus.
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Objective:To explore the safety and efficiency of a novel bipolar electric knife for endoscopic submucosal dissection.Methods:The thermal damage on tissue caused by the new bipolar knife and traditional monopolar knife were compared by finite element analysis. The vertical thermal damage to the porcine gastric wall caused by the two types of electric knife were analyzed in vitro animal experiments. In vivo animal experiments were used to compare operation related indexes of two types of electric knife, including en bloc resection rate and cutting efficiency in porcine digestive tract submucosal dissection. Results:Through overcoming deviation of experimental individuals and operator experience, the finite element model showed that the length, width and depth of thermal damage on tissue caused by the monopolar knife was 1.08 times, 1.12 times, and 1.23 times of that of the bipolar knife, respectively. Additionally, the bipolar knife caused less vertical thermal damage to the porcine gastric wall than the monopolar knife (433.25±42.58 μm VS 898.03±111.59 μm, t=6.740, P=0.003) in vitro animal experiments when charged for 1 s at the same power. Finally, in vivo animal experiments showed that the en bloc resection rates of the two kinds of electric knife systems were both 100.0%. In addition, the cutting area and cutting time of the bipolar knife was 229.58±185.29 mm 2 and 164.37±96.27 s, respectively. The corresponding indicators of the monopolar knife was 209.70±167.35 mm 2 and 162.65±69.97 s, respectively, and there was no significant difference (all P>0.05). Conclusion:The novel bipolar knife not only ensures the cutting efficiency but also reduces the thermal damage during endoscopic submucosal dissection in simulating experiment and animal experiment, which needs further verification in clinical trial.
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The combination of artificial intelligence (AI) technology supported by big data and cloud computing with medical field shows a broad application prospect. The excellent imaging recognition ability of AI is very suitable for the diagnosis and recognition of upper digestive tract diseases, thereby reducing the missed diagnosis and helping physicians to perform endoscopy better. This article reviewed the application of AI in diagnosis of upper digestive tract diseases, especially for the early recognition of cancer.
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Objective To investigate the relationship of ultrasonographic features and their pathologic basics in women of child-bearing period with abnormal uterine bleeding, and to explore the diagnostic ideas in detecting endometrial lesions. Methods A total of 149 women in childbearing age who had endometrial lesions with pathologically confirmed endometrial lesions, including 88 cases of endometrial hyperplasia, 41 cases of endometrial polyp, 20 cases of endometrial carcinoma, at Fuxing Hospital, Capital Medical University from October 2001 to September 2016 were selected. Ultrasound exams were performed on patients in early proliferative phase of menstrual cycle or within three days after vaginal bleeding stopped. We recorded patients′ age, measured sum diameters of length, width and thickness of uterine, mean thickness of endometrium and maximum diameter of polypoid lesions. We grouped the patients by pathologic results and compared ultrasound parameters between groups. The thickness of endometrium over 1.0 cm was considered as ″increased″. The pathologic exams also included ovarian structures. Results (1) There was no significant difference in the average age of patients with endometrial hyperplasia, endometrial polyps and endometrial cancer (P>0.05). (2) Ultrasonography: there was no statistically significant difference in the sum of the diameters of the uterus in the three groups (P>0.05); the thicker diameter of the uterine cavity in the intimal hyperplasia group was compared with the endometrial polyp group and the endometrial cancer group [(11.70±5.42)mm vs(10.59±3.83)mm vs(17.14±8.70)mm],the difference was statistically significant (F=9.779, P < 0.001), endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial cancer, endometrial polyps compared with the endometrial cancer group, the difference in uterine cavity echo thickness was statistically significant (both P<0.001); there was no significant difference in the uterine cavity echo thick diameter between the intimal hyperplasia group and the endometrial polyp group (P > 0.05). Of the 88 cases of hyperplasia of intimal hyperplasia, 53 were polypoid, and the mean diameter of the polypoid uplift was compared with the endometrial polyp group[(17.13±10.45)mm vs(12.14±4.67)mm],the difference was statistically significant (t=3.112, P=0.002). The proportions of point and strip blood flow signals in 41 cases of endometrial polyps and 53 cases of polypoid hyperplasia were 75.61% (31/41), 41.51% (22/ 53). Of the 163 patients in the three groups, 63 patients had a uterine cavity echo of <10 mm (42.3%). (3) Pathological examination: 20 cases of endometrial cancer were endometrioid carcinomas, 11 cases of hysterectomies, 7 cases of well-differentiated endometrioid carcinoma, 3 cases of moderate differentiation, 1 case of poorly differentiated; at the same time, 8 cases of ovariectomy. In 7 cases, there were multiple atresia follicles, and one case was pure cyst. Of the 88 patients with endometrial hyperplasia, 77 were hyperplasia and hyperplasia, 1 had dysplasia, 11 had complicated hyperplasia, and 3 had dysplasia. Of the 41 cases of endometrial polyps, 33 were non-functional polyps, 3 were functional polyps, and in 4 cases of adenoid fibroid polyps, there was 1 case of canceration. Conclusion In the early stage of endometrial proliferation or within 3 days after vaginal bleeding cases, the uterine cavity echo thickness diameter ≥ 10 mm suggests abnormal endometrium; uterine cavity echo thickness diameter <10 mm, endometrial abnormalities cannot be excluded; dynamic monitoring of ovulation by ultrasound may indicate the presence or absence of risk factors for abnormal growth of the endometrium.
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Neuroendocrine neoplasm (NEN)is a group of heterogeneous tumor originated from the neuroendocrine system,and gastrointestinal neuroendocrine neoplasm (GI-NEN)is the mostly frequently seen. The incidence of GI-NEN is increasing year by year,but the efficacy of clinical treatment is unsatisfactory. In recent years,new progress has been achieved in medical therapy of GI-NEN,including somatostatin analogues,interferon,mTOR inhibitor,vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor and chemotherapeutic drugs. Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy also provides an additional option for treatment of metastatic GI-NEN. This article reviewed the recent progress of drug treatment for GI-NEN.
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Objective To compare the sonographic and histopathological features of ovarian teratoma. Methods The sonographic and histopathological features were retrospectively analyzed and summarized in 35 cases of patients (40 cases of ovarian teratomas) with ovarian teratoma proved by surgery and pathology in Fuxing Hospital, Capital Medical University from January 2005 to December 2013. Results There were three types on ultrasound: the cystic type (10/40, 25.0%), the solid type (5/40, 12.5%), and the cyst-solid type (25/40, 62.5%). The histopathological findings of the tumors were classified into two types: ovarian mature teratoma (36/40, 90.0%) and ovarian immature teratoma (4/40, 10.0%). In the ovarian mature teratoma group, the majority of the tumor were filled with oil, hair, skin and its appendages. The ovarian struma (1/40, 2.5%) could also be seen in this type, which was mainly filled with thyroid tissue.In the ovarian immature teratoma group, immature tissue mainly consisted of the primitive neural tube under the similar histopathological background with mature teratoma. In comparison of ultrasonography and pathology, the ultrasonographic features of immature teratoma and mature teratoma were similar. Both of them appeared as the solid type and the cyst-solid type. Conclusions In comparison of ultrasonography and pathology, ovarian teratoma's internal echo and its tissue structure are closely correlated. The cystic type was usually found in mature teratoma, and the solid type and the cyst-solid type can be found in either mature teratoma or immature teratoma.
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Objective To study the correlation between multiple comet tail sign and the early abdominal visceral injury and explore the clinical application of the multiple comet tail sign in prompting the early abdominal visceral injury in an oleic acid animal model.Methods The experimental animals were divided into an experimental group and a control group.The sonograms of the lungs,livers and kidneys of control group were collected,and then the rabbits were executed.The animals of experimental group were made into multiple comet tail sign models.The thorax sonogram of successful model showed at least one lung area with varying degrees of multiple comet tail sign.Collect the sonograms of lungs,livers and kidneys were collected,and then the rabbits were executed.The two groups of rabbits were dissected,and the lungs,livers,kidneys,and spleens were removed to make the tissue sections.The gross pathologic findings and microscopic histological changes of the two groups were observed and noted.The ultrasound scores of chest sonograms were recorded:short comet tail sign for 1 point,isolated comet tail sign for 2 points,mild multiple comet tail sign for 3 points,moderate multiple comet tail sign for 4 points,and falls sign (severe multiple comet tail sign) for 5 points.The degree of organ injury was assessed by the percentage of pathologic injury area under microscope,and the correlation between the multiple comet tail sign and abdominal organ injary was analyzed.Results The successful rate of multiple comet tail sign model in experimental group was 100％.The sonograms of liver and kidney have no significant change after the experiment.The incidence of positive pathologic changes in experimental group was 100％ (11/11).The gross pathologic findings of lung were complete shape with dark red hemorrhagic area at surface;the microscopic pathologic findings were pulmonary edema (11/11,100％) and pulmonary hemorrhage (9/11,81.8％).The incidence of positive pathologic changes in the liver of experimental group was 45.5％ (5/11).The gross pathologic findings of liver were complete shape with reddish brown surface and flexible texture;the microscopic pathologic findings were cellular swelling of hepatocytes (5/11,45.5％).The incidence of positive pathologic changes in the kidneys of experimental group was 18.2％ (2/11).The gross pathology had no obvious changes,and the microscopic pathologic findings were cellular swelling of renal tubular epithelial cells (2/11,18.2％).Results showed that the lung ultrasound scores of rabbits with liver injury were obviously higher than those of rabbits with no liver injury,and there was significant differences (Z=-2.529,P=0.011).There was a statistically significant positive correlation between the lung ultrasound scores of rabbits with liver injury and the microscopic pathologic area of liver lesion (r=0.893,P=0.041),and the higher the lung ultrasound score,the more severity of the liver injury.Conclusions The appearance of multiple comet tail sign is earlier than the sonogram changes of liver and kidney.The most sensitive pathologic changes of abdominal organ appear in liver,followed by kidney.The scope and extent of the multiple comet tail sign can prompt the early injury in liver and kidney.
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Nucleolin is implicated in many pathological processes,particularly in inflammatory diseases,viral infection and neoplasms.Nucleolin levels are increased in several neoplasms and its localization changed,which play important roles in cell proliferation,apoptosis and metastasis of neoplasms.
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PurposeAcute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome is a common severe disease, this paper aims to explore the pathological basis of diffuse comet-tail artifacts in rabbits with acute lung injury and evaluate the imaging value on pathological changes.Materials and Methods The bilateral anterior chest walls of the rabbits were divided into four zones, namely, left upper zone, right upper zone, left lower zone and right lower zone. The normal chest ultrasound images of the 6 rabbits were obtained. After oleic acid (0.1 ml/kg) was injected, the images of comet-tail artifact in the four lung zones were dynamically observed and stored for 1 hour. The chest ultrasound images were evaluated according to the ultrasound scores. The degree of pathological damage in each lung zone was assessed and analyzed in terms of the correlation with the ultrasound results.Results The animal model of acute lung injury with diffuse comet-tail artifacts was successfully made in all of the 6 rabbits. The main pathological changes of the animal model of oleic acid were diffuse pulmonary edema, congestion and congestive hemorrhage; necrosis was found in 4 rabbits. The area of pulmonary edema, congestion, and congestive hemorrhage increased gradually from top to bottom, and double diaphragm leaves were typical. A significant correlation was found between the ultrasound scores of comet-tail artifacts and the degrees of pathological damage (r=0.819,P<0.05).Conclusion The histological changes of chest diffuse comet-tail artifacts due to acute lung injury are pulmonary edema, congestion and congestive hemorrhage. The scope and density of diffuse comet-tail artifacts may indicate the degree of pulmonary parenchyma injury, which is important as reference to guide the treatment and prognosis.
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Metabonomics is an important part of systems biology. Many research shows that metabonomics has an poten?tial incomparable advantages in clinical diagnosis. When human body was stimulated by exogenous or endogenous factor, it could respond throughalteration of low molecular weight metabolites. Therefore, researches of the dynamic changes of com?plex metabolites could explore the pathological or physiological changes in the body. With advance of modern technologies nuclear magnetic resonance and chromatography couple to mass spectrometer are widely applied to the metabonomics. Now, comprehensive analysis the dynamic changes of patients in vivo then setting up relationship between biomarkers and related diseases become possible through the application of Metabolomics in clinical. Finally, we discuss the realization of disease diagnosis by metabolome analysis.
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PurposeTo analyze the sonographic and the histological features of special types of breast malignant tumors in order to explore preoperative ultrasound diagnosis. Materials and Methods Seven cases of special types of breast malignant tumors confirmed by pathology were retrospectively investigated by ultrasound. The sonographic and histological features of the lesions were reviewed. The ultrasonogram manifestations of the breast anatomy and the lesions were observed and recorded.Results Among 7 cases, there were 2 cases of papillary carcinoma, 3 cases of mucinous carcinoma, and 2 cases of lymphoma. Microscopically, the papillary carcinoma had clear boundaries with infringing mesenchyme, and the tissues were papillary and dense. The mucinous carcinoma had cancer cells floated in mucus lake. The primary breast lymphoma was diffused large B-cell type with focal lesion. For sonography type of breast, there were 3 cases of fatty types, 1 case of fibroglandular-1 and 3 cases of fibroglandular-2. The papillary carcinoma was hypoechoic in 2 cases, one of them was expansive growth with large size. Two cases of mucinous carcinoma were hypoechoic without accompanying sound attenuation in 1 case and with accompanying acoustic shadow due to calcification in the other case. Lymphoma was apparent anechoic and cystoid.Conclusion Special types of breast malignancies have different sonographic features and histological features from the common invasive ductal carcinoma. It has high clinical significance to enhance the understanding of rare malignant breast tumors.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish a method for isolation of the total RNA from Fagopyrum cymosum callus.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The improved method combining that of CTAB extraction with the LiCl precipitation was used to isolate the total RNA from the four F. cymosum callus. The quality of the RNA was detected by UV spectrophotometric analysis, 0.8% non-denaturing agarose gel electrophoresis and RNA reverse transcription.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The bands of 28S and 18S could be seen clearly by agarose gel electrophoresis, and the value of A260/A280 was between 1.9 and 2.0. The cDNA which was reverse-transcribed by the total RNA showed a wide length rage of 500 bp-5 kb.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The RNA extracted by this method meets the requirement of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), construction of cDNA libraries, et al. This improved method can be used to isolate the total RNA from F. cymosum callus with the advantage of simpleness, efficiency and low cost.</p>
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Fagopyrum , Genetics , RNA, PlantABSTRACT
ObjectiveA new style of artificial vessel scaffold was designed making the use of property of organoselenium catalyzing the releasing of Nitric oxide (NO). MethodsSelenium-containing catalyst organoselenium immobilized polyethyleneimine (SePEI) as polycation and polyglutamic acid (PGA) as polyanion were alternately coated onto the surface of polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofiber scaffolds obtained by electrospinning to form the blood vessel scaffold. Self-assembly was characterized by UV and atomic absorption qualitatively and quantitatively. Catalytic generation of NO from the NO donors- RSNOs was tested under the existence of reducing agent RSH. Biological properties were also evaluated. Results The NO release was relatively stable with no significant burst appeared, and still could be detected after 80 hours of catalyzing. The material was proved to show little cytotoxicity, and displayed significant effect in inhibiting of platelet aggregation through biological testing. Conclusion The new style of artificial vessel scaffold has good effect on improving the biological properties of materials.
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Objective To screen the anti-nasopharyngeal carcinoma scFv from a human anti-nasopharyngeal carcinoma single-chain phage antibody library, and identify its characteristics. Methods The single-chain phage antibody library was subjected to three rounds of positive and negative cell panning and enrichment, and then it was selected by ELISA. The binding specificity of phage antibodies with naso-pharyngeal carcinoma cells was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Results After panning, enrichment and testing by ELISA, 3 phage an-tibody clones reacting with CNE2 more strongly than HUVEC and NP69 were picked out from 4212 clones. One clone, HNSAO33, was fur-ther analyzed after DNA sequencing. The results of immunohistochemistry with cultured cells were similar to those of ELISA. HNSAO33 spe-cifically reacted to nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells in most human nasopharyngeal carcinoma tissue sections except a few human normal naso-pharyngeal tissue sections. The distinction of positive rates was of a great statistical significance. Conclusion ELISA and immunohisto-chemistry results confirmed HNSAO33 specifically bind with nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. The seFv fragment against nasopharyngeal carci-noma may be further developed and applied in clinical diagnosis and therapy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
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Objective To investigate the correlation between ultrasonographie classification, age and lesion in female. Methods One thousand two hundred and eight patients with 2416 mammary gland were comfired by pathologic findings, including 132 benign lesion and 54 malignancy lesion. According various sonographic appearances in the mammary gland structure and involution grade, the mammary glonds were classified into glandular,fibroglandular and fatty types. A single mammary gland is statistic unit. Results To follow age growth, the proportion of glandular type was decrease, 61.7% in under 30 years of age,31.5% in 30-39 years of age,15.3% in 40-49 years of age,8.6% in 50-59 years of age,4.5 in over 60 years of age. To follow age growth, the proportion of fatty type was higher, 1.6 % in under 30 years of age, 5.80% in 30-39 years of age,5.5% in 40-49 years of age,10.8% in 50-59 years of age,38.6% in over 60 years of age. Before 60 years of age, to follow age growth, the proportion of fibroglandular type was higher, which achieved the peak value (79.2%) in 40-49 years and last to 50-59 years of age (80.6%) ,but it was decrease to 56.9% after 60 years of age. There was significant difference of the proportion in any age(P=0.000).The proportion of the benign lesion no difference in three categories. The proportion of malignancy lesion (6.23%, 16/257 mammary gland)in fatty type was higher than that in fibroglandular type (2.18%,37/1698 mammary gland) which was significant difference(P=0.000). There was no malignancy lesion in glandular type. Conclusions Significant correlation were present between uhrasonographic classification, age and malignancy lesion, no significant correlation were found between uhrasonographic classification, age and benign lesion.
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Epstein-Barr virus(EBV)is a herpes virus and associates with many tumors such as Burkitt lymphoma,nasopharyngeal carcinoma,gastric cancer and lymphoma and so on. The role and mechanism of EBV infection in the wide spectrum of EBV-associated diseases are different. Study the role of EBV infection in tumor genesis and development may be helpful for revealing the mechanisms of tumor genesis and development.
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Leaf senescence is considered as one of important factors to decrease ornamental values of foliage plants. In the attempt to study and understand the molecular mechanism of leaf senescence, a senescent leaf cDNA library of Coleus blumei was constructed and a small EST library was obtained. According to the sequence of an EST fragment with a cystathionine beta synthase (CBS) domain, a novel leaf senescenceassociated gene (SAG) full-length cDNA encoding a CBS-domain-containing protein, denoted Cbcbs, was rapidly cloned using a strategy of RACE combined with cDNA library. The full length of the Cbcbs gene was 859 bp long (accession No. EF076754) and contained a 609 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 202amino acid protein. One stop codon (TAA) was found in 5' UTR and one possible polyadenylation signal,AATAAA, and a pentanucleotide motif, ATTTA, were found in 3' UTR. The CbCBS contained a predicted mitochondrial targeting peptide in the N-terminal region, two conserved and intact CBS domains, four casein kinase Ⅱ (CK Ⅱ) phosphorylation sites, three protein kinase c (PKC) phosphorylation sites and one tyrosine sulfation (TS) site. Sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis showed that CbCBS was a novel senescence or stress-associated protein. The prediction analysis of secondary structure and three dimensional structure of CbCBS suggested that the chief function of the protein was decided by the CBS domain pair. The expression pattern of Cbcbs in leaves was analyzed by RT-PCR. It was demonstrated that Cbcbs gene was a senescence-associated gene (SAG) and expressed in all leaf stages, young stage (Y) being the lowest and terminal senescence stage (S3) being the highest, and was upregulated along with the leaf senescence.Function analysis showed that the mature CbCBS maybe acts as a sensor of cellular energy status and directly or indirectly regulates cellular energy levels to increase ATP content in mitochondria during periods of metabolic stress of senescent leaves.
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Objective To investigate the effects of ketamine on Na+ -K+ -ATPase and Ca2+ -ATPase activity Of cerebro cortex and thalamus in rats. Methods Thirty-two SD rats of both sexes weighing 200-300 g were randomly divided into 4 Groups: 1 control group; 2 anesthesia group; 3 recovery group 1 and 4 recovery group II . In control group normal saline 10 ml?kg-1 was administered intraperitoneally (ip) while in the 3 ketamine groups ketamine 100mg?kg-1 was administered ip. The animals were killed by decapitation when righting reflex was lost (group 2) or recovered (group 3) or when the animals were fully awake (group 4). Brain was immediately removed on ice. Bilateral cortex and thalamus were isolated homogenized and centrifuged. Na+ -K+ -ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase activity were assessed by spectrophotometric analysis. Results The Na+-K+-ATPase and Ca2+ -ATPase activity of cerebrocortex decreased by 32.8% and 26.2% and of thalamus decreased by 31.4% and 24.5% respectively in group 2 as compared with those in group 1. The Na+-K+-ATPase and Ca 2+-ATPase activity of the cerebrocortex and thalamus were recovered in group 3 and 4. Conclusions The Na+ -K+ -ATPase and Ca2+ -ATPase may play an important role in the mechanism of ketamine anesthesia.