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OBJECTIVE@#To explore the mechanism by which inositol-requiring enzyme-1α (IRE1α) regulates autophagy function of chondrocytes through calcium homeostasis endoplasmic reticulum protein (CHERP).@*METHODS@#Cultured human chondrocytes (C28/I2 cells) were treated with tunicamycin, 4μ8c, rapamycin, or both 4μ8c and rapamycin, and the expressions of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress- and autophagy-related proteins were detected with Western blotting. Primary chondrocytes from ERN1 knockout (ERN1 CKO) mice and wild-type mice were examined for ATG5 and ATG7 mRNA expressions, IRE1α and p-IRE1α protein expressions, and intracellular calcium ion content using qPCR, Western blotting and flow cytometry. The effect of bafilomycin A1 treatment on LC3 Ⅱ/LC3 Ⅰ ratio in the isolated chondrocytes was assessed with Western blotting. Changes in autophagic flux of the chondrocytes in response to rapamycin treatment were detected using autophagy dual fluorescent virus. The changes in autophagy level in C28/I2 cells overexpressing CHERP and IRE1α were detected using immunofluorescence assay.@*RESULTS@#Tunicamycin treatment significantly up-regulated ER stress-related proteins and LC3 Ⅱ/LC3 Ⅰ ratio and down-regulated the expression of p62 in C28/I2 cells (P < 0.05). Rapamycin obviously up-regulated LC3 Ⅱ/LC3 Ⅰ ratio (P < 0.001) in C28/I2 cells, but this effect was significantly attenuated by co-treatment with 4μ8c (P < 0.05). Compared with the cells from the wild-type mice, the primary chondrocytes from ERN1 knockout mice showed significantly down-regulated mRNA levels of ERN1 (P < 0.01), ATG5 (P < 0.001) and ATG7 (P < 0.001), lowered or even lost expressions of IRE1α and p-IRE1α proteins (PP < 0.01), and increased expression of CHERP (P < 0.05) and intracellular calcium ion content (P < 0.001). Bafilomycin A1 treatment obviously increased LC3 Ⅱ/ LC3 Ⅰ ratio in the chondrocytes from both wild-type and ERN1 knockout mice (P < 0.01 or 0.05), but the increment was more obvious in the wild-type chondrocytes (P < 0.05). Treatment with autophagy dual-fluorescence virus resulted in a significantly greater fluorescence intensity of LC3-GFP in rapamycin-treated ERN1 CKO chondrocytes than in wild-type chondrocytes (P < 0.05). In C28/I2 cells, overexpression of CHERP obviously decreased the fluorescence intensity of LC3, and overexpression of IRE1α enhanced the fluorescence intensity and partially rescued the fluorescence reduction of LC3 caused by CHERP.@*CONCLUSION@#IRE1α deficiency impairs autophagy in chondrocytes by upregulating CHERP and increasing intracellular calcium ion content.
Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Autophagy , Calcium/metabolism , Chondrocytes , Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism , Endoribonucleases/pharmacology , Homeostasis , Inositol , Mice, Knockout , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Sirolimus/pharmacology , Tunicamycin/pharmacologyABSTRACT
【Objective】 To study the inhibitory effect of dihydroartemisinin （DHA） on triple negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and its mechanisms. 【Methods】 CCK-8 method was used to detect the inhibitory effects of DHA， artemisinin derivative， on the proliferation of triple negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. qRT-PCR and Western blot were used to test the expressions of CIZ1， Snail and TGF-β1 at mRNA and protein levels. After the exogenous application of TGF-β1 cytokines or TGF-β1 pathway inhibitor SD-208， Wound healing， Transwell invasion assay and Western blotting were performed to detect the effects of activation/inhibition of TGFβ1-smads pathway on the anti-metastatic effects of DHA and its mechanisms. 【Results】 DHA could significantly inhibit the proliferation of human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. It could significantly suppress CIZ1， Snail， and TGF-β1 expressions at mRNA and protein levels in MDA-MB-231 cells. TGF-β1 cytokines treatment could enhance the migration and invasion ability of breast cancer cell， where TGF-β1 treatment also enhanced CIZ1， snail protein expression and smad2/3 protein phosphorylation level. DHA could reverse the above TGFβ1-induced effects. Furthermore， after the application of the TGF-β1 pathway inhibitor SD-208， the anticancer activity of DHA was enhanced， and the expressions of CIZ1， snail and phos-smad2/3 proteins were significantly inhibited. 【Conclusion】 DHA could significantly inhibit the proliferation and metastasis of breast cancer cells through suppressing the TGF-β1/Smad and CIZ1 signaling.
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OBJECTIVE@#To analyze effect of accordion technique on bone mineralization of extended bone segment in treating tibial bone defect with bone transport.@*METHODS@#From May 2017 to October 2019, 22 patients with tibial bone defects were treated with Ilizarov bone-transport technique, and divided into two groups after bone-transport was completed, 11 patients in each group. In observation group, there were 9 males and 2 females aged from 20 to 60 years old with an average of (42.6± 13.3) years old;the length of bone defect ranged from 3 to 13 cm with an average of(6.4±2.6) cm;2 patients were suffered from upper tibial bone defects, 3 patients were middle and 6 patients were lower;patients were treated with accordion technique for 35 days. In control group, there were 10 males and 1 female aged from 41 to 60 years old with an average of (51.6±6.4) years old;the length of bone defect ranged from 3 to 10.7 cm with an average of (6.6±2.5) cm;1 patient was suffered from upper tibial bone defects, 3 patients were middle and 7 patients were lower;patients were treated with lock external fixator to waiting bone mineralization. The content of hydroxyapatite (HAP) extended bone segment was measured after bone-transport completed immediately, 35, 65 and 95 days after bone-transport was completed, respectively, then the mineralization time and healing time were compared between two groups, and the therapeutic effect of bone defect was evaluated by using Paley scoring criteria.@*RESULTS@#Twenty-two patients were followed up from 18 to 36 months with an average of (27.0±6.3) months. The wounds on the bone defects healed spontaneously during bone transport, and there were no wound complications such as skin infection or skin necrosis occurred. There were statisticaldifference in the content of HAP of the extended bone segments at 35, 65 and 95 days after bone-transport between two groups (@*CONCLUSION@#Accordion technique and locking external fixator mineralization in prolonging bone segment healing after bone-transport have the equal clinical effect, while the accordion technique could significantly accelerate the growth rate of HAP and shorten the mineralization time and healing time.
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Calcification, Physiologic , External Fixators , Ilizarov Technique , Tibia/surgery , Tibial Fractures , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Objective ToinvestigatetheMSCTand MRIcharacteristicsoffocalnodularhyperplasia(FNH)oftheliverwithout centralscar.Methods Aretrospectiveanalysisofimagingdatawascarriedoutin10patientswithFNH withoutcentralscar,confirmed bypathologyandfollowGupreview.PlainscanandenhancedCT wereperformedin10patients,5ofwhomunderwenttheplainscan andenhancedMRI.Results Lesionswerehomogeneousandslightlylowdensityin10casesonplainMSCT,andhypoGorisoGintensity onT1WIandhyperGorisoGintensityonT2WIin5cases.Nocentralscarwasfoundinalltheselesions.Thecorrelationcoefficientsof thechangeofCTvaluewere0.772onportalvenousphaseand0.827ondelayedphaseinnormalhepaticgroupandlesiongroup(P＜0.05).Theenhancedvolumeof8lesionswasslightlylargerontheportalvenousanddelayedphasethanthatonarterialphase.Conclusion MSCTand MRIcanclearlydisplaytheimagefeaturesofFNH withoutcentralscar.Thereisastrongcorrelationoftheenhancement curvebetweenthelesionsandnormalliverparenchymaonportalvenousanddelayedphase,whichishelpfulformoreaccuratediagnosis.
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Genetic variants in glioma tumor suppressor candidate region gene 1 (GLTSCR1)and ATM serine/threonine kinase (ATM) have been associated with various cancer risks.Epidemiological studies also revealed the association of variants of GLTSCR1 and ATM genes with different brain tumors.However,little is known about the relationship between both gene polymorphisms and lung cancer risk.We conducted a Chinese hospital-based casecontrol study involving 384 lung cancer cases and 387 cancer-free controls.No significant differences in the single polymorphism (GLTSCR1 rs1035938 and ATM rs11212592)association were found in five genetic models (co-dominant,dominant,recessive,overdominant and log-additive models) (adjusted by smoking duration).Join effect of three SNPs (PPP1R13L rs1970764,CD3EAP rs967591,GLTSCR1 rs1035938) on chromosome 19q 13.3 showed that the designated haplotype2 (rs 1970764<rs967591A-rs 1035938c) [OR (95％ CI)=1.60 (1.11-2.32),P=0.012] and haplotype8 (rs 1970764G-rs967591G-rs 1035938T)[OR (95％ CI)=2.45 (1.17-5.12),P=0.018] were associated with increased risk of lung cancer (adjusted by smoking duration).The analysis ofmultifactor dimensionality reduction revealed that two 3-way models were the best fit models in analyses of 2 loci (P＜0.001)or 4 loci (P=0.015-0.016).The entropy-based analysis indicated the strongest synergistic effect between PPP1R13L rs1970764 and ATM rs11212592 in analysis of four genes.In conclusion,our study suggests that haplotypes consisting of PPP1R13L rs1970764-CD3EAP rs967591-GLTSCR1 rs1035938 on Chr19q13.3,interaction of smoking and GLTSCR1 rs1035938-ATM rs11212592,and synergistic action of PPP1R13L rs1970764 and ATMrs11212592 may associate with lung cancer risk in the Chinese population.
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Genetic variants in glioma tumor suppressor candidate region gene 1 (GLTSCR1)and ATM serine/threonine kinase (ATM) have been associated with various cancer risks.Epidemiological studies also revealed the association of variants of GLTSCR1 and ATM genes with different brain tumors.However,little is known about the relationship between both gene polymorphisms and lung cancer risk.We conducted a Chinese hospital-based casecontrol study involving 384 lung cancer cases and 387 cancer-free controls.No significant differences in the single polymorphism (GLTSCR1 rs1035938 and ATM rs11212592)association were found in five genetic models (co-dominant,dominant,recessive,overdominant and log-additive models) (adjusted by smoking duration).Join effect of three SNPs (PPP1R13L rs1970764,CD3EAP rs967591,GLTSCR1 rs1035938) on chromosome 19q 13.3 showed that the designated haplotype2 (rs 1970764<rs967591A-rs 1035938c) [OR (95％ CI)=1.60 (1.11-2.32),P=0.012] and haplotype8 (rs 1970764G-rs967591G-rs 1035938T)[OR (95％ CI)=2.45 (1.17-5.12),P=0.018] were associated with increased risk of lung cancer (adjusted by smoking duration).The analysis ofmultifactor dimensionality reduction revealed that two 3-way models were the best fit models in analyses of 2 loci (P＜0.001)or 4 loci (P=0.015-0.016).The entropy-based analysis indicated the strongest synergistic effect between PPP1R13L rs1970764 and ATM rs11212592 in analysis of four genes.In conclusion,our study suggests that haplotypes consisting of PPP1R13L rs1970764-CD3EAP rs967591-GLTSCR1 rs1035938 on Chr19q13.3,interaction of smoking and GLTSCR1 rs1035938-ATM rs11212592,and synergistic action of PPP1R13L rs1970764 and ATMrs11212592 may associate with lung cancer risk in the Chinese population.
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Objective To investigate the performance of MSCT in the diagnosis of metanephric adenoma.Methods The imaging data of 5 cases of metanephric adenoma confirmed by operation and pathology in our hospital were collected and analyzed retrospectively.The location, size, shape, density and enhancement of the lesion were further retrospectively analyzed.Results In the incorporated 5 cases of metanephric adenoma, the male to female ratio of cases was 1:4, all were unilateral, including 2 cases of the right kidney,3 cases of the left kidney,2 cases were located in the upper pole, 2 cases in the polar region, 1 case in the lower pole of the kidney.Maximum diameter of the metanephric adenoma ranged from 2.9 cm to 8.4 cm, with an average value of 4.8 cm.The shape of metanephric adenoma was classified into: round (3 cases) and oval (2 cases).On plain scanning slightly lower density was found in 2 cases, equidensity in 2 cases and slightly higher density in 1 case.Furthermore,1 case had small punctatel calcification in the edge of the lesion,1 case with renal papillary carcinoma.4 cases underwent plain and enhanced scanning,and 1 case plain scanning,in which slight density increase after intravenous enhancement was showed in 3 cases,moderate enhancement in 1 case,more uniform enhancement in 3 cases,uneven enhancement in 1 case,delayed enhancement in 4 cases.Conclusion The characteristic MSCT features of metanephric adenoma have a certain specificity.Preoperative correct understanding is helpful to guide the operation scheme.
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The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors of fascioliasis in yaks, Bos grunniens, from 3 counties of Gansu Province in China. A total of 1,584 serum samples, including 974 samples from white yaks from Tianzhu, 464 from black yaks from Maqu, and 146 from black yaks from Luqu County, were collected and analyzed using ELISA to detect IgG antibodies against Fasciola hepatica. The overall F. hepatica seroprevalence was 28.7% (454/1,584), with 29.2% in white yaks (284/974) and 27.9% in black yaks (170/610). The seroprevalence of F. hepatica in yaks from Tianzhu, Luqu, and Maqu was 29.2%, 22.6%, and 29.5%, respectively. Female yaks (30.9%) had higher F. hepatica seroprevalence than male yaks (23.4%). Also, F. hepatica seroprevalence varied by different age group from 24.1% to 33.8%. Further, the seroprevalence ranged from 21.8% to 39.1% over different seasons. Interestingly, the season and age of yaks were associated with F. hepatica infection in yaks in the investigated areas. These findings provided a basis for further studies on this disease in yaks from 3 counties of Gansu Province in northwestern China, which may ultimately support the development of effective control strategies of fascioliasis in these areas.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Female , Humans , Male , Antibodies , China , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Fasciola hepatica , Fascioliasis , Immunoglobulin G , Ranunculaceae , Risk Factors , Seasons , Seroepidemiologic StudiesABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore an efficient and reliable method for establishing an animal model of bone metastasis of tumors.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Male C57BL/6J mice were randomized into 4 equal groups to receive injections of normal saline or prostate cancer RM-1 cell suspension via the femoral artery or the external iliac artery, and breast cancer 4T1-luc cells were injected in 15 female BALB/c mice via the femoral artery. The operation time, postoperative survival rate, and the tumor formation rates in the mice with two different injection methods were compared. The tumor metastasis in the mice was evaluated with in vivo imaging.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The mean time for hemostasis time was 2.53∓1.75 min in mice receiving tumor cell injection via the femoral artery, significantly shorter than that in mice with injections via the external iliac artery (4.70∓1.63 min; P<0.05); the mean operation time was 14.67∓2.16 min and 22.47∓3.50 min in the two groups, respectively (P<0.05). At 21 days after the operation, the survival rate was 93.3% in femoral artery injection group, significantly higher than that in external iliac artery injection group (66.7%;P<0.05). The tumor metastasis rate was 100% in both groups.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Injection of the tumor cells via the femoral artery is more suitable for establishing mouse models of bone metastasis of cancers.</p>
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OBJECTIVE: To design and synthesize brain targeting danshensu (DSS) derivatives and study their metabolism in rat plasma and brain homogenate in vitro. METHODS: Tetramethylpyrazine and its derivatives were selected as carriers to design the brain targeting danshen suderivatives. Lipid-water partition coefficient (logf), brain blood concentration ratio (BB), and P-glycopro-tein affinity of the derivatives were predicted by some calculation softwares and the better compound DT3 was chosen for the next synthesis. The degradation of DT3 and its intermediate DTI in rat plasma and brain homogenate were measured by HPLC-UV. RESULTS: Two danshensu-pyrazine ester derivatives were synthesized, ie DTI and DT3. A simultaneous determination method of DT3, DTI, and (3,5,6-trimethylpyrazine-2-yl) methanol (TMPM) in rat plasma and brain homogenate was established. The degradation of DT3 in rat plasma and brain homogenate underwent the following process; DT3→DTl→the active metabolites of DSS and TMPM. Compared with DTI, the degradation of DT3 in rat plasma slowed down. The half-lives (t1/2) of TMPM were 1.68 and 1.71 min, respectively. Also, DT3 could quickly release the active metabolitein rat brain homogenate, and the concentration of TMPM showed a steady increase with a t1/2 of 222.88 min. CONCLUSION: The danshensu-pyrazine ester derivative DT3 has an extended t1/2 in rat plasma, and it can be degraded to active metabolite quickly in rat brain homogenate.
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As the key operation step in the production of compound Chinese materia medica (CMM) or the natural products, extracting technique not only directly affects the quality of CMM preparations, medicinal resource utilization, and clinical efficacy, but also relates to the development of Chinese pharmaceutical industry. On the basis of consulting literatures, extracting techniques appearing in recent five years are particularly reviewed in the traditional extracting method, new extracting technique, evaluating indicator, and process variable optimization. Further research application and development prospects of these extracting techniques are also suggested.
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This study was aimed to clone the gene coding mouse CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), to construct the recombinant lentiviral vector carrying enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) and to explore its expression in eukaryotic cells (293FT cells). The full length CXCR4 gene was cloned by RT-PCR using bone marrow cells from C57BL/6 mouse as template and inserted into PCR-Blunt vector. CXCR4 fragment was generated by digestion with restriction endonuclease and subcloned into a lentiviral vector to generate recombinant lentiviral vector LV-IRES-EGFP-CXCR4, which was co-transfected into 293FT cells together with envelope plasmid and packaging plasmid by lipofectamine 2000. Viruses were gathered and concentrated using ultracentrifuge, and then transfected into 293FT cells. Expression of EGFP was detected by fluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry (FCM). And the expression of CXCR4 protein was detected by Western blot. The results demonstrated that mouse CXCR4 gene was cloned and the lentiviral vector was successfully constructed. The lentiviral particles were correctly packaged, and the virus titers were above 10(8) TU/ml in the supernatant after concentration. Expression of EGFP was detected by fluorescent microscopy in the transfected 293FT cells, and the transfection efficacy > 95% was determined by FCM. Expression of CXCR4 protein detected by FCM and Western blot was significantly higher than that in control group. It is concluded that the CXCR4 gene along with the gene coding EGFP is successfully inserted into a lentiviral vector to construct a recombinant lentiviral vector, which can be expressed in eukaryotic cells.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Mice , Cell Line , Gene Expression , Genetic Vectors , Green Fluorescent Proteins , Genetics , Lentivirus , Genetics , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Plasmids , Receptors, CXCR4 , Genetics , TransfectionABSTRACT
<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Carotid artery stenting (CAS) as a competing treatment modality has had to adhere to limits to gain widespread acceptance in some studies. This study analyzed the clinical data of 1700 consecutive patients after CAS to retrospectively evaluate the 30-day outcome of CAS for internal carotid artery stenosis in a Chinese population.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Medical records of 1700 patients who underwent CAS at Xuanwu Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University between January 2001 and August 2012 were reviewed. Postoperative 30-day complication rates were analyzed and compared with those of other studies. Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with perioperation myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and death.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The overall 30-day rate of MI, stroke, and death after CAS was 2.53%. In univariate analysis, patients who were symptomatic, had a neurological deficit (modified Rankin score (mRS) ≥3; P = 0.001), and who were not taking statins experienced a significantly increased rate of MI, stroke, and death (P = 0.017). In multivariate Logistic regression analysis, the presence of symptoms (odds ratio (OR) = 2.485; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.267-4.876; P = 0.008) and a neurological deficit (mRS ≥3) (OR = 3.025; 95% CI = 1.353-6.763; P = 0.007) were independent risk factors for perioperative MI, stroke, and death.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>According to this single-center experience, CAS may effectively prevent and treat carotid artery stenosis that would otherwise lead to stroke. Being symptomatic and having a neurological deficit (mRS ≥3) increased the risk of perioperative MI, stroke, and death.</p>
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Carotid Stenosis , General Surgery , Multivariate Analysis , Myocardial Infarction , Stents , Stroke , General Surgery , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in Asia and domestic pigs serve as the amplifying hosts. In the present study, the full genomic sequences of two JEV strains (HEN0701 and SH0601) isolated from pigs in China were determined and compared with other 12 JEV strains deposited in GenBank. These two strains had an 88.8% nucleotide sequence similarity and 97.9% deduced amino acid sequence homology. HEN0701 had high nucleotide sequence and high amino acid sequence identity with genotype I (GI) strains, while SH0601 had high nucleotide sequence and high amino acid sequence identity with GIII strains at both the gene and full genome levels. Further phylogenetic analysis showed that HEN0701 belonged to the JEV GI group and SH0601 was classified as a GIII strain. Analysis of codon usage showed there were a few differences between the GI and GIII strains in nucleotide composition and codon usage for the open reading frames.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cricetinae , Cell Line , Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/classification , Encephalitis, Japanese/epidemiology , Gene Expression Regulation, Viral/physiology , Genome, Viral , Molecular Epidemiology , Phylogeny , Swine , Swine Diseases/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in Asia and domestic pigs serve as the amplifying hosts. In the present study, the full genomic sequences of two JEV strains (HEN0701 and SH0601) isolated from pigs in China were determined and compared with other 12 JEV strains deposited in GenBank. These two strains had an 88.8% nucleotide sequence similarity and 97.9% deduced amino acid sequence homology. HEN0701 had high nucleotide sequence and high amino acid sequence identity with genotype I (GI) strains, while SH0601 had high nucleotide sequence and high amino acid sequence identity with GIII strains at both the gene and full genome levels. Further phylogenetic analysis showed that HEN0701 belonged to the JEV GI group and SH0601 was classified as a GIII strain. Analysis of codon usage showed there were a few differences between the GI and GIII strains in nucleotide composition and codon usage for the open reading frames.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cricetinae , Cell Line , Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/classification , Encephalitis, Japanese/epidemiology , Gene Expression Regulation, Viral/physiology , Genome, Viral , Molecular Epidemiology , Phylogeny , Swine , Swine Diseases/epidemiologyABSTRACT
G6PDMahidol enzyme is the most common variant in the Achang Chinese ethnic group and clinically manifests as class II. In this study, G6PDMahidol enzyme was characterized by molecular modeling to understand its kinetics. G6PDMahidol, G6PDG487A and G6PDWT proteins were heterologously expressed in the G6PD-deficient DF213 E. coli strain, purified and their steady-state kinetic parameters were determined. Compared with G6PDWT, the Km and Vmax of NADP+ with G6PDG487A were about 28-fold and 12-fold lower, respectively. The Ki values of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), NADPH and ATP with G6PDG487A showed 29.5-fold, 2.36-fold reduction and 1.83-fold increase, respectively. A molecular modeling of G6PDG487A was performed based on the X-ray structure of human G6PD (PDB: 2BH9). It is suggested that Ser-163 might affect the stability of G6PDG487A -helix d and -strand E, besides the conformation of -strand D. In conclusion, the biochemical and structural properties of G6PDG487A and G6PDWT enzymes are significantly different, which may be responsible for clinical diversity of G6PD deficiencies.
Subject(s)
Acute Disease , Adolescent , Anemia, Hemolytic/enzymology , Anemia, Hemolytic/etiology , Asian People , Computer Simulation , Female , Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase/antagonists & inhibitors , Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase/chemistry , Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase/pharmacokinetics , Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency/complications , Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency/enzymology , Humans , Kinetics , Molecular Dynamics Simulation , MutationABSTRACT
This text probes into the usage of PLC controller which controls the X-ray generator's basic parameters.
Subject(s)
Equipment Design , Radiography , Radiotherapy , X-RaysABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>A reversed superficial temporal artery auricular flap was presented to explore a new method for reconstructing the defects of the distal nose by microsurgical techniques.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A reversed superficial temporal artery auricular flap had been used on fifteen patients with nasal defects, including thirteen patients with alar defects and two patients with nasal tip defects. The reversed superficial temporal vessels of the flap were anastomosed with the recipient facial vessels. The size of the flap was 2.5 cm x 2. 0 cm - 4.0 cm x 2.5 cm, the length of the vascular pedicle was 5 - 8 cm, average 6.5 cm</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The flap survived uneventfully in all fifteen patients.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>demonstrated satisfactory symmetry between the reconstructed ala and the contralateral side as well as an excellent tip projection. The donor-site defect was minimal.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The reversed superficial temporal artery auricular flap offers an adequate length of vascular pedicle of the flap, it delivers a good solution to the problem of the vascular pedicle shortage of the proximal superficial artery auricular flap. This technique may become the top choice in the microvascular auricular transfer.</p>