ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to identify whether periodontitis induces gut microbiota dysbiosis via invasion by salivary microbes. First, faecal and salivary samples were collected from periodontally healthy participants (PH group, n = 16) and patients with severe periodontitis (SP group, n = 21) and analysed by 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. Significant differences were observed in both the faecal and salivary microbiota between the PH and SP groups. Notably, more saliva-sourced microbes were observed in the faecal samples of the SP group. Then, the remaining salivary microbes were transplanted into C57BL6/J mice (the C-PH group and the C-SP group), and it was found that the composition of the gut microbiota of the C-SP group was significantly different from that of the C-PH group, with Porphyromonadaceae and Fusobacterium being significantly enriched in the C-SP group. In the colon, the C-SP group showed significantly reduced crypt depth and zonula occludens-1 expression. The mRNA expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and tight junction proteins were significantly higher in the C-SP group. To further investigate whether salivary bacteria could persist in the intestine, the salivary microbiota was stained with carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester and transplanted into mice. We found that salivary microbes from both the PH group and the SP group could persist in the gut for at least 24 h. Thus, our data demonstrate that periodontitis may induce gut microbiota dysbiosis through the influx of salivary microbes.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Mice , Dysbiosis , Gastrointestinal Microbiome , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Microbiota , Periodontitis , RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/metabolismABSTRACT
Efforts to control inflammation and achieve better tissue repair in the treatment of periodontitis have been ongoing for years. Human β-defensin 3, a broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptide has been proven to have a variety of biological functions in periodontitis; however, relatively few reports have addressed the effects of human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) on osteogenic differentiation. In this study, we evaluated the osteogenic effects of hPDLCs with an adenoviral vector encoding human β-defensin 3 in an inflammatory microenvironment. Then human β-defensin 3 gene-modified rat periodontal ligament cells were transplanted into rats with experimental periodontitis to observe their effects on periodontal bone repair. We found that the human β-defensin 3 gene-modified hPDLCs presented with high levels of osteogenesis-related gene expression and calcium deposition. Furthermore, the p38 MAPK pathway was activated in this process. In vivo, human β-defensin 3 gene-transfected rat PDLCs promoted bone repair in SD rats with periodontitis, and the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway might also have been involved. These findings demonstrate that human β-defensin 3 accelerates osteogenesis and that human β-defensin 3 gene modification may offer a potential approach to promote bone repair in patients with periodontitis.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Rats , Anti-Infective Agents , Metabolism , Pharmacology , Cell Differentiation , Cells, Cultured , Osteogenesis , Periodontal Ligament , Metabolism , Periodontitis , Drug Therapy , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , beta-Defensins , Metabolism , PharmacologyABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate two methods measuring alveolar bone loss by micro computed tomography (micro-CT)based on periodontitis model in mice.Methods The silk ligatures were tied around the right maxillary second molars of mice to induce periodontitis model.The right half maxillaries of mice model were harvested for micro-CT analysis.Three dentists were recruited for the measurement with two different methods:Modified tomography (T) method and reconstruction (R) method.Accuracy and consistency of each method were estimated by standard deviation (SD).Results The SDs of R method managed by the same operator (measurement for 3 times) or different operators (3 operators) were 34.87μm and 35.67 μm respectively,while that of T method was 7.82 μm and 14.24 μm respectively.The SDs of T method were significantly lower than those of R method (both P＜0.05).Conclusion T method is more accurate and consistent than R method for evaluating alveolar bone loss in mice periodontitis model.