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ABSTRACT Introduction: Fencing is a combat sport with fierce confrontation and variations in offense and defense. To a certain extent, speed is the decisive factor in winning the game. Objective: To explore the influence of different training methods on the reaction time of fencers. Method: 20 fencers were selected and divided into three groups with different fencing levels, in addition to one control group. The experimental groups trained in three 10-minute sessions a week. The control group trained for 3 hours in the afternoons, from Monday to Saturday. Results: After training, the experimental group fencers showed a highly significant difference in the selective response to foot movement (t=4.004, P=0.001<0.01). The simple reaction test of the fencers in the control group improved slightly after training, but it was not statistically significant (t=2.223, P=0.09>0.05). In the selective reaction time test without foot movement, the reaction time of the control group was significantly lower after training (t=3.450, P=0.026<0.05). Conclusion: Regardless of the student›s fencing level, different training methods can significantly improve their reaction time. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.
RESUMO Introdução: A esgrima é um esporte de combate em que ocorre um confronto intenso e variações no ataque e na defesa. Até certo ponto, a velocidade é o fator central para vitórias nesse esporte. Objetivo: Explorar a influência de diferentes métodos de treinamento no tempo de reação de esgrimistas. Método: 20 esgrimistas foram selecionados e divididos em três grupos, segundo seu nível de habilidade no esporte, além de um grupo controle. Os grupos experimentais treinaram em três sessões de 10 minutos por semana. O grupo controle treinou por três horas em todas as tardes de segunda a sábado. Resultados: Após seu treinamento, os esgrimistas do grupo experimental demonstraram uma diferença significativa na resposta seletiva do movimento dos pés (t=4,004, P=0,001<0,01). O teste de reação simples dos esgrimistas no grupo controle melhorou levemente após o treino, mas sem diferença estatisticamente significativa (t=2,223, P=0,09>0,05). No teste de tempo de reação seletiva, sem movimento dos pés, o tempo de reação do grupo controle foi significativamente menor após o treinamento (t=3,450, P=0,026<0,05). Conclusão: Independentemente do nível do estudante na esgrima, diferentes métodos de treinamento podem melhorar significativamente seu tempo de reação. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação do resultado de tratamentos.
RESUMEN Introducción: La esgrima es un deporte de combate en que ocurre un enfrentamiento intenso y variaciones en el ataque y en la defensa. Hasta cierto punto, la velocidad es el factor central para las victorias en este deporte. Objetivo: Explorar la influencia de diferentes métodos de entrenamiento en el tiempo de reacción de esgrimistas. Método: 20 esgrimistas fueron seleccionados y divididos en tres grupos, según su nivel de habilidad en el deporte, además de un grupo control. Los grupos experimentales entrenaron en tres sesiones de 10 minutos por semana. El grupo control entrenó por tres horas en todas las tardes de lunes a sábado. Resultados: Después de su entrenamiento, los esgrimistas del grupo experimental demostraron una diferencia significativa en la respuesta selectiva del movimiento de los pies (t=4,004, P=0,001<0,01). La prueba de reacción simple de los esgrimistas en el grupo control mejoró levemente después del entrenamiento, pero sin diferencia estadísticamente significativa (t=2,223, P=0,09>0,05). En la prueba de tiempo de reacción selectiva, sin movimiento de los pies, el tiempo de reacción del grupo control fue significativamente menor después del entrenamiento (t=3,450, P=0,026<0,05). Conclusión: Independientemente del nivel del estudiante en la esgrima, diferentes métodos de entrenamiento pueden mejorar significativamente su tiempo de reacción. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación del resultado de tratamientos.
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BACKGROUND: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a multifunctional cytokine that promotes angiogenesis, improves vascular permeability, maintains vascular stability, and has positive effects on fracture healing and bone regeneration. VEGF-based treatment is expected to become an emerging means for accelerating fracture healing. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of VEGF on fracture healing and to review its influencing factors and clinical applications. METHODS: The CNKI and PubMed databases were searched for articles related to VEGF effect on fracture healing published from January 2014 to March 2019 with the key words of “vascular endothelial growth factor, fracture healing” in Chinese and English, respectively. Initially 167 articles were retrieved, and only 85 eligible articles were included in result analysis after removal of unrelated or duplicate literature. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: VEGF exists in different cells of the fracture end, and the expression in different cells has significant periodicity. VEGF promotes angiogenesis, enhances vascular permeability, and maintains the normal morphology and integrity of blood vessels, thereby promoting fracture healing and bone regeneration. Several physicochemical factors and cytokines can change the expression of VEGF, thus influencing the fracture healing process. VEGF-based tissue engineering therapies have significant advantages, and the main methods include: delivering VEGF into the affected area using tissue engineering materials; maintaining and improving VEGF expression using gene transfection technology; combining VEGF with other cytokines and exogenous stem cells; and applying bio-coatings based on the upregulation of VEGF. With the interdisciplinary development, VEGF-based tissue engineering treatment is expected to be a hot topic in medical research.
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Objective@#In most countries, nearly 6% of the adults are suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which puts a huge economic burden on the society. Moreover, COPD has been considered as an independent risk factor for pulmonary embolism (PE). In this review, we summarized the existing evidence that demonstrates the associations between COPD exacerbation and PE from various aspects, including epidemiology, pathophysiological changes, risk factors, clinical features, management, and prognosis.@*Data Sources@#We searched the terms "chronic obstructive pulmonary disease," "pulmonary embolism," "exacerbations," and "thromboembolic" in PubMed database and collected the results up to April 2018. The language was limited to English.@*Study Selection@#We thoroughly examined the titles and abstracts of all studies that met our search strategy. The data from prospective studies, meta-analyses, retrospective studies, and recent reviews were selected for preparing this review.@*Results@#The prevalence of PE in patients with COPD exacerbation varied a lot among different studies, mainly due to the variations in race, sample size, study design, research setting, and enrollment criteria. Overall, whites and African Americans showed significantly higher prevalence of PE than Asian people, and the hospitalized patients showed higher prevalence of PE compared to those who were evaluated in emergency department. PE is easily overlooked in patients with COPD exacerbation due to the similar clinical symptoms. However, several factors have been identified to contribute to the increased risk of PE during COPD exacerbation. Obesity and lower limb asymmetry were described as independent predictors for PE. Moreover, due to the high risk of PE, thromboprophylaxis has been used as an important treatment for hospitalized patients with COPD exacerbation.@*Conclusions@#According to the previous studies, COPD patients with PE experienced an increased risk of death and prolonged length of hospital stay. Therefore, the thromboembolic risk in patients with acute exacerbation of COPD, especially in the hospitalized patients, should carefully be evaluated.
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Adult , Humans , Acute Disease , Disease Progression , Prevalence , Prospective Studies , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive , Pulmonary Embolism , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the immunoprotection by the inactivated whole bacteria(IWB) of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia K279a in mice.Methods Mice were immunized by inactivated whole bacteria of S.maltophilia K279a made from formaldehyde.When the indicated the antibody titer of the mice reached the require level, the protective effect of the IWB was evaluated by performing the opsonophagocytic killing test in vitro and the poison attack experiments in vivo. Results It was found that IgG in serum of the immunized mice measured by ELISA was significantly increased after the second immune enhancement, and antiserum in vitro had strong phagocytic effect.Meanwhile, immunoprotection of the immunized groups was also significantly increased when challenged by S.maltophilia K279a.Conclusion Effective humoral immune response can be predominantly induced by the inactivated whole bacteria of S.maltophilia K279a, providing protection against challenge by S.maltophilia K279a in BALB/c mice.