ABSTRACT
Abstract Argentina's fertility transition has exceptional characteristics. Compared to most Latin American countries, Argentina's fertility declined relatively early and, unlike fertility transitions in Western Europe, this decline did not lead to a high period of natural population growth. By the beginning of the twenty-first century, Argentina seemed to experience fertility stagnation despite women's increased formal education and labor force participation, and increased availability of contraceptives. Using the 1980, 1991, 2001, and 2010 Population Censuses, I demonstrate that fertility has continued its downward trend from 1980 to 2010. Changes in fertility behaviors are given by a decrease in the mean number of children per woman, but not by an increase in childlessness. However, there is evidence of postponement of childbearing. Results show that although Argentina is completing its first demographic transition, as it has not reached below-replacement fertility yet, this country could show signs of an emerging second demographic transition.
Resumo A transição da fecundidade na Argentina tem características excepcionais. Em comparação com a maioria dos países da América Latina, a fecundidade na Argentina diminuiu relativamente cedo e, diferentemente das transições de fecundidade na Europa Ocidental, esse declínio não levou a um período de alto crescimento natural da população. No início do século 21, a Argentina parecia experimentar uma estagnação da fecundidade, apesar do aumento da educação formal e da participação laboral das mulheres e de uma maior disponibilidade de contraceptivos. Utilizando os dados dos Censos Populacionais de 1980, 1991, 2001 e 2010, o presente trabalho mostra que a fecundidade continuou sua tendência de queda de 1980 a 2010. As mudanças no comportamento da fecundidade são dadas por uma diminuição no número médio de filhos por mulher, mas não por um aumento da nuliparidade. No entanto, há evidências de um adiamento da fecundidade. Os resultados mostram que, embora a Argentina esteja completando sua primeira transição demográfica, já que ainda não atingiu a fecundidade abaixo do nível de reposição, o país pode mostrar sinais de uma emergente segunda transição demográfica.
Resumen La transición de la fecundidad en Argentina tiene características excepcionales. Comparada con la mayoría de los países latinoamericanos, la fecundidad en Argentina disminuyó relativamente temprano y, a diferencia de las transiciones de fecundidad en Europa occidental, este descenso no condujo a un período de alto crecimiento natural de la población. A principios del siglo XXI, Argentina parecía experimentar un estancamiento de la fecundidad a pesar del aumento de la educación formal y de la participación laboral de las mujeres y de una mayor disponibilidad de anticonceptivos. Utilizando los Censos de Población de 1980, 1991, 2001 y 2010, demuestro que la fecundidad ha continuado su tendencia descendente desde 1980 hasta 2010. Los cambios en los comportamientos de fecundidad vienen dados por una disminución del número promedio de hijos por mujer, pero no por un aumento de la nuliparidad. Sin embargo, hay evidencia de un aplazamiento de la fecundidad. Los resultados muestran que, aunque Argentina está completando su primera transición demográfica, ya que aún no ha alcanzado una fecundidad por debajo del nivel de reemplazo, este país podría mostrar signos de una segunda transición demográfica emergente.
Subject(s)
Humans , Argentina , Women , Birth Rate , Population Growth , Fertility , Population DynamicsABSTRACT
@#Zoonotic coronaviruses were discovered in the 1960s. Since then pathogenic human coronaviruses were identified beginning with the discovery of SARS-CoV in 2002. With the recent detection of SARS-CoV-2, there are now seven human coronaviruses. Those that cause mild diseases are the 229E, OC43, NL63 and HKU1, and the pathogenic species are SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 Coronaviruses (order Nidovirales, family Coronaviridae, and subfamily Orthocoronavirinae) are spherical (125nm diameter), and enveloped with club-shaped spikes on the surface giving the appearance of a solar corona. Within the helically symmetrical nucleocapsid is the large positive sense, single stranded RNA. Of the four coronavirus genera (a,b,g,d), human coronaviruses (HCoVs) are classified under a-CoV (HCoV-229E and NL63) and b-CoV (MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, HCoVOC43 and HCoV-HKU1). SARS-CoV-2 is a b-CoV and shows fairly close relatedness with two bat-derived CoV-like coronaviruses, bat-SL-CoVZC45 and bat-SL-CoVZXC21. Even so, its genome is similar to that of the typical CoVs. SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV originated in bats, and it appears to be so for SARS-CoV-2 as well. The possibility of an intermediate host facilitating the emergence of the virus in humans has already been shown with civet cats acting as intermediate hosts for SARS-CoVs, and dromedary camels for MERS-CoV. Human-to-human transmission is primarily achieved through close contact of respiratory droplets, direct contact with the infected individuals, or by contact with contaminated objects and surfaces. The coronaviral genome contains four major structural proteins: the spike (S), membrane (M), envelope (E) and the nucleocapsid (N) protein, all of which are encoded within the 3’ end of the genome. The S protein mediates attachment of the virus to the host cell surface receptors resulting in fusion and subsequent viral entry. The M protein is the most abundant protein and defines the shape of the viral envelope. The E protein is the smallest of the major structural proteins and participates in viral assembly and budding. The N protein is the only one that binds to the RNA genome and is also involved in viral assembly and budding. Replication of coronaviruses begin with attachment and entry. Attachment of the virus to the host cell is initiated by interactions between the S protein and its specific receptor. Following receptor binding, the virus enters host cell cytosol via cleavage of S protein by a protease enzyme, followed by fusion of the viral and cellular membranes. The next step is the translation of the replicase gene from the virion genomic RNA and then translation and assembly of the viral replicase complexes. Following replication and subgenomic RNA synthesis, encapsidation occurs resulting in the formation of the mature virus. Following assembly, virions are transported to the cell surface in vesicles and released by exocytosis.
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Two series of imidazolones were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their anticancer activity against four cancercell lines: Hela, MCF-7, PC3, and HCT-116, where four compounds 6, 25, 26, and 29 showed good potency againstthe whole panel. Compound 30 showed a cytotoxic effect against PC3 cell lines compared to that of the standarddoxorubicin with IC50 = 8.15µM, while compounds 4 and 18 showed moderate activity with IC50 range of 10.58–11.45µM. Enzyme inhibition assay was implemented against CDK2A and VEGFR-2; where varied activities were obtained.Compound 6 exhibited the highest inhibitory activity against VEGFR-2 with an IC50 value of 67 nM and moderateinhibition against CDK2A, while compound 26 achieved the best result against CDK2A with an IC50 value of 0.66 µM
ABSTRACT
Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma (FDCS) is a rare neoplasm arising from lymph nodes as well as extranodal sites. Despite the characteristic histopathological features and distinctive immunophenotype, extranodal FDCS are often misdiagnosed initially as undifferentiated carcinoma, inflammatory pseudotumour, meningioma, metastatic malignant melanoma, ectopic thymoma, etc., because of its rarity and lack of awareness. Correct diagnosis of this tumour is imperative given its potential for recurrence and metastasis. We report a case of tonsillar FDCS in a 30-year-old lady who presented with slowly progressing throat pain and dysphagia for a duration of one year. Local examination showed an enlarged left tonsil with an ulceroproliferative growth. The right tonsil was normal. There was no regional lymphadenopathy. Histopathological examination of the tonsillectomy specimen showed a 2.2 x 1.5 cm infiltrative tumour composed of ovoid to spindle cells arranged in characteristic storiform, interlacing fascicular and diffuse patterns. The tumour cells were immunopositive for CD21, CD23, CD35, and S-100 protein and negative for cytokeratin. The Ki-67 antigen-labelling index (Ki-67 LI) was 6%. The EBV status was negative. It was classified as a low risk FDCS. The patient was lost to follow-up after 6 months.
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Aims: In South East Asia, there is no regional or local HHV-8 seroprevalence data on blood donors. Thus this study was aimed to determine the seroprevalence of HHV-8 among blood donors in National Blood Centre, Kuala Lumpur (NBCKL) and to test its association with donor socio demographic and transfusion transmitted infection (TTI) seropositivity. Study Design: A cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: National Blood Centre, Kuala Lumpur (NBCKL). Duration of the study from January 2008 to June 2009. Methodology: A total of 761 serum samples were collected of which 670 from blood donors who were non-reactive for TTIs while 91 were from blood donors who were reactive for TTIs were tested for HHV 8 using BIOTRIN HHV-8IgG EIA kit and BIOTRIN HHV-8IgG Immuno fluorescent assay (IFA). Results: The HHV-8 seroprevalence among blood donors in NBCKL was 1.3% (10/761) of which 0.9% (6/670) among healthy blood donors and 4.4% (4/91) among TTI seropositive donors. TTI seropositivity (p=0.023) and gender (p=0.018) shows a significant risk factors contributed to HHV-8 seropositivity. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Hepatitis C were associated with an increased risk of HHV-8 seropositivity (OR 6.8; 95% CI, 0 to 0.2 and OR 10.0; 95% CI, 0.1 to 0.4 respectively). Conclusion: HHV-8 has a low seroprevalance among blood donors in the NBCKL with a male predominance. A donor with seropositivity for TTI, is associated with a higher risk HHV-8 seropositivity.
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Prostatic utricle cyst is an uncommon congenital disorder associated with urogenital anomalies. We present a case of an abnormally large prostatic utricle cyst filling the whole of the abdominal cavity with unilateral renal agenesis in an 8-year-old male child
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Cysts , Urogenital Abnormalities , Kidney/abnormalitiesABSTRACT
End-stage renal disease [ESRD] and its treatments negatively affect quality of life [QOL]. Self-care is a pressing approach for patients to deal with their problems. The deterioration in QOL is particularly evident in the patients who had been on hemodialysis for an extended period of time. Health education is an independent function of nursing practice and is a responsibility of the nursing profession to offer appropriate education. Nursing intervention is directed towards promoting, maintaining, and restoring health status, preventing illness, and supporting people to adapt to the residual effects of illness. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of a supportive self-care educational intervention on QOL among ESRD patients undergoing hemodialysis. It was hypothesized that ESRD patients undergoing hemodialysis who were subjected to a supportive self-care educational intervention would improve their QOL. Participants were 50 patients receiving maintenance hemodialysi s. This study was conducted in the dialysis unit of King Khaled University Hospital, Arriyadh,-Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A quasi-experimental research design was utilized in this study. The design was implemented before and after applying a supportive self-care educational intervention on one group of ESRD patients to evaluate their QOL during undergoing hemodialysis using an instructional Arabic booklet. Two tools were used to collect data; [I] demographic data sheets, [2] a structured interview questionnaire of the Kidney Disease Quality of Life scale short form KDQOL-SF[TM] 1.3. Results of the present study indicated that there was significant improvement revealed in the scores of all domains of QOL [general health, social and emotional status, illness impact, financial and medical satisfaction] p<0.001, except the physical domain. As well statistically significant associations were found between pre-post-intervention improvements in the total QOL scores. The statistically significant independent predictors of QOL improvement were supportive self-care educational intervention constant attendance, dialysis duration and marital status. The study concluded that implementation of the supportive self-care educational intervention was associated with significant improvement in all domains of QOL, except the physical domain. The study findings implied the necessity of developing supportive self-care educational intervention for HD patients to be implemented on a wider scale and evaluated for further improvement
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Kidney Failure, Chronic , Self Care , Quality of Life , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
Background: Visual impairment due to colour blindness is an unusual suffering of the school children. It may be associated with erythrocyte G6PD enzyme deficiency. Objective: To find out defective vision due to colour blindness in apparently healthy school children and to measure erythrocyte G6PD enzyme level among them. Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, SSMC from 1st July 2007 to 31st June 2008. Five hundred (500) apparently healthy school children of old Dhaka, age ranged from 6 to 12 years irrespective of gender and race was selected as study population. Colour vision test was done by Ishihara’s test. Erythrocyte G6PD enzyme was measured among the colour blind children. All the results were compared to that of children with normal colour vision. Results: Five male children were detected to have partial red-green type of colour blindness. The percentage of colour blindness was statistically not significant (p>0.05) when compared to that of children with normal colour vision. Mean erythrocyte G6PD enzyme level of colour blind children was significantly lower (p<0.05) compared to that of children with normal colour vision. Presence of G6PD enzyme deficiency among the colour blind children did not show any clinical abnormalities might be due to different non symptomatic G6PD variants. Conclusion: Visual defect due to colour which blindness particularly red-green type might be present in apparently healthy school children associated with erythrocyte G6PD enzyme deficiency.
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Trichinosis is a parasitic infection affecting the gut and the muscles causing mild gastrointestinal symptoms followed by periorbital oedema, muscle pains, fever and eosinophilia. The infection evokes functional disturbances in physiological effector systems. Furthermore, several biochemical changes are associated with the infection. Therefore, this work was carried out to study the electrophysiological changes in intestine, striated and cardiac muscles by electromyography [EMG] and to assess the biochemical changes through measurement of serum cholinesterase and intestinal myeloperoxidase activity [MPO] in both light and heavy infected experimental animals by Trichinella spiralis [T. spiralis]. Electrophysiological results showed increased contractility of the smooth muscle layers of the intestine only early in the infection, whereas both striated and cardiac muscles showed increase in the contractility with the progress of infection in both light and heavy infection. Significant myocardial dysfunction in the form of bradycardia, in addition to major histopathological changes in the heart occurred from the beginning of the infection and increased till the end of the study. Biochemical study showed gradual increase in serum cholinesterase, while, the intestinal MPO showed increase only in the early stage of the infection. It was noticed that all changes were more pronounced in the heavily infected group than the lightly infected one
Subject(s)
Animals, Laboratory , Trichinella spiralis , Electrophysiology , Cholinesterases/blood , Peroxidase , Jejunum , Mice , Myocardium , HistologyABSTRACT
The work aimed to study the effect of Schistosoma mansoni [S. mansoni] on gastrointestinal transit and contractility of the colonic muscles of two subgroups of experimental mice, in-faceted by 50 and 200 cercaria/mouse respevtively, at 8th and 12th week postinfection [PI]. In addition, the histopathologic changes in the colon, and the immunological changes of the host were studied at different durations. At 8th weeks PI, in both sub-groups, gastrointestinal transit was statistically significant decreased, in concurrent with statistically significant increase in the colonic muscle contractility compared to the controls. The colon was inflamed as shown by mucosal inflammatory infiltrates, with large size and number of schistosomal granulomas. The se-rum antigen was absent, while the serum antibody was detec-table at low titre. At 12th weeks PI, there was a more statistically significant decrease in gastro-intestinal transit, and increase in the colonic muscle contractility. The colon was still inflamed, but the granulomas were reduced in size and in number, with increase in the fibrocytes density. These alterations coincided with absence of serum antigen and increase in the antibody titre. All changes were more pronounced in the 2nd group of mice [200ceraria/mouse] than the 1st one [50cercaria/mousa]. So, intestinal schistosomiasis is associated with great structural, functional and immunological changes, related to the time coursa and the infection intensity which may be involved in the pa-thogenesis and clinical manifestations of the disease.
Subject(s)
Animals, Laboratory , Gastrointestinal Transit , Gastrointestinal Motility , Mice , Models, Animal , ElectromyographyABSTRACT
The aim of the study was to investigate the attitudes of Omani adolescents towards the different gender roles and women empowerment with regard to taking household decisions, and to study how they influenced the adolescents' knowledge and attitudes towards some reproductive health issues in a national representative secondary schools-based sample of 1670 boys and 1675 girls. In 2001, through a self administrated questionnaire the adolescents answered 2 indices; adolescents Attitudes Toward Gender Roles [ATGR] and adolescents Attitudes Toward Women Empowerment [ATWE] in addition to answering questions on demographic data, environmental factors, and questions assessing their knowledge and attitudes towards reproductive health issues. High scores of ATGR or ATWE were found to significantly predict sound adolescents' reproductive health knowledge or positive attitudes in almost all the logistic regression models. The study highlighted the scope of interventions to be initiated for adolescents reproductive health. Changes in attitudes towards gender role have to accompany our endeavors to set up the stage for our future generation's reproductive health
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Attitude , Gender Identity , Decision Making , Marriage/psychology , Socioeconomic Factors , AdolescentABSTRACT
Diet is an important factor for patients on hemodialysis [HD] to maintain good nutritional status and to enable the patient to eat palatable and enjoyable diet. Restricting protein, sodium, potassium, and fluid intake help to minimize uremic symptoms, fluid / electrolyte imbalances, accumulation of nitrogenous wastes, and may even postpone the initiation of dialysis for a few months. For patients with chronic renal failure, or ESRD, hemodialysis prevents death. However, it does not cure or reverse. These patients need to use a proper nutritional practice, which is a crucial intervention. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a teaching program on nutritional practices for patients undergoing hemodialysis. Thirty-five subjects: male [n=16] and female [n=19] patients were selected over a year. The study was conducted at dialysis units both in El-Manial University Hospital and King Fahd Units. A quasi-experimental research design was utilized in this study. One group, pre-post test design was implemented. Three tools were used to collect data; [1] demographic and medical data sheets, [2] assessment sheet, and [3] pre-post test sheet. Results indicated that there was a significant differences between nutritional knowledge scores before and after [34.73+3.46] [3mths, 75.36+3.51; 6mths, 88.31+6.24; F=86.18 at p=0.000] respectively conducting the program. Also, there was an improvement in practicing nutritional dietary habit, which was indicated by increased number of meals from 2-3 meals per day [X[2]=27.5 at p=0.001] and the amount of daily fluid intake decreased to one liter or less [X[2]=19.1 at p=0.001]. Physical examination assessment revealed that hair, nails, tongue and gums status were improved after changing nutritional habits and practice [X[2]=12.9, X2=16.7, X[2]=21.3, X[2]=40.1 at P<0.001, respectively]. A moderate improvement appeared in renal function tests [urea; F=3.388 at P=0.038, Creatinine; F=3.964 at P=0.022]. While serum electrolyte levels were about normal range before and after conducting the program. The study concluded that there was positive impact of the teaching program on the improvement of patient nutritional practices. The findings of this study showed that the education session can have an effect on patients' knowledge and compliance. The study findings implied the necessity of physician, nurse and dietician to devote some of their time to provide HD patients and their family with simple explanation about permitted and omitted food and fluid, and planning for a convenient amount and quality. In addition, distributing a dietary guide would prepare the patient for developing new skills in eating habits to gain satisfaction and increase the pleasures of life
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Nutrition Assessment , Teaching , Knowledge , Feeding Behavior , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: We aim to evaluate the psychodymanic model for panic disorder (PD) formulated by Shear et al. (1993), comparing PD patients and major depression (MD) patients. METHOD: We evaluated these parameters in open interviews in 10 PD patients and 10 patients with MD (DSM-IV). The data were recorded on videotape and were examined by 5 diagnostic blind appraisers. RESULTS: The data allowed a comparative analysis that underscores the existence of a psychological model for PD vs MD: 1) the protracted symbiotic phase of development and the existence of problems with separation in PD patients; 2) patients with MD tended to have a particularly negative impression of relationship with the first objects; furthermore, they had remarkable experiences of loss; and 3) while the PD patients tended to be shy and inhibited in childhood, especially showing a clear difficulty in expressing aggressiveness, the depressed patients tended to disclose an impulsive aggressiveness from infancy to adulthood. CONCLUSION: Exposure to parental behaviours that augment fearfulness may result in disturbances in object relations and persistence of conflicts between dependence and independence may predispose to anxiety symptoms and fears of PD
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Depression , Models, Psychological , Panic Disorder , Psychotherapy , Aggression , Depression , Interview, Psychological , Panic Disorder , Parenting , Personality Development , TemperamentABSTRACT
Periodical performance appraisal helps in the development of a competent and efficient clinical instructor in order to introduce competence, quality and excellence in patient care. Hence, the purpose of this study was to develop a performance appraisal scoring system for nurse clinical instructors in the Faculty of Nursing, Cairo University. The sample of the study consisted of 34 clinical instructors. They were divided into four groups; newly appointed [B.Sc. hotder] and those enrolled in the Master's degree program [1st, 2nd and 3rd semester, constitute second, third and fourth group respectively]. Tools utilized to collect data were divided into two main parts. Part one; a questionnaire sheet was used to collect demographic data of the clinical instructors. The Observation of Nursing Teacher in Clinical Setting [ONTICS] sheet developed by Mogan and Warbinek in 1994 constituted part two. Its main purpose was to observe the clinical instructors per formance in the clinical setting through nine categories namely: questioning method, responding style, method of giving feedback teaching skill, method of demonstration, interaction with patient/family, interaction with health team, undesirable teaching behavior and undesirable questioning/responding method. Results of the study revealed that the mean score of clinical performance of level of per formance while working with the student nurses in the clinical area. The findings indicated significant relations between some of the nine categories of the clinical performance and demographic variables of the study. Specially sounded to be the most significant variable affecting the clinical instructors' performance. It was significantly relat e to most of the performance categories. Such categories were, "Methods of giving feedback" [F=4.1700 p<0.01], "Interaction with health team" [F=5.8990 p<0.01], "Interaction with patient/family" [F=2.7840 p<0.05], avoiding "undesirable teaching behaviors" [F=5.8520 p<0.01] and "undesirable questioning/responding" [F=6.2180 p<0.01]. Next to specialty were years of experience and level of education, which were significantly related to "questioning method" [F=21.1880 p<0.000, F=5.7644 p<0.01, respectively] and "interaction with health team" [F=3.9512p<0.05, F=3.2814p<0.05, respectively]. Furthermore clinical instructors who were placed in different specialties according to their graduation score and with their own choice had higher performance scores [mean 58.2 +/- 3.4] than those who were placed according to their graduation score only [mean 50.3 +/- 4.9] with a t-test 5.6 p<0.001. Also, most of the demographic variables of good clinical instructors were strongly correlated with the performance scores. Further reliability and validity studies are recommended to improve the scoring system for performance appraisal of nurse clinical instructors
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Nursing , Observation , Surveys and Questionnaires , Research DesignABSTRACT
Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo con fines de investigar factores asociados a sangrado gastrointestinal alto durante el período abril 1995 a abril 1997 en el Hospital Padre Billini, de donde 35 casos el 60// correspondió al sexo masculino, los grupos de edades más afectado fue de 29-40, 41-52 y 53-64 años para un 14.3// respectivamente, el grupo sanguíneo más afectado fue el grupo ORH+ para un 42.9//, el 63// de los pacientes tenían algún tipo de hábitos tóxicos, el 31.1// refirió antecedentes de gastritis y 28.9// de úlcera péptica, el 14.3// tuvo historia de transfusiones y 22.9// antecedentes, transfusiones