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1.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-165450

ABSTRACT

Three elements are needed to formalize a causal quantity at the population level: response, treatment, and the causal element, which are introduced here by notation. Inclusion of two essential causal assumptions, the monitoring and illumination assumptions, in a function distinguishes causal from association analyses. The discussion provides insight into causal inference.

2.
Rev. bras. farmacogn ; 19(2b): 617-620, abr.-jun. 2009. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-531832

ABSTRACT

Bioassays are required for the determination of the total toxicity of Amaranthus retroflexus L. (Amaranthaceae) or "redroot pigweed". Therefore, the plant extract has been tested for bioactivity in Artemia salina and cytotoxicity against bovine kidney cells. The LD50 values for Artemia salina were measured at 1700 ppm. The bovine kidney cells were exposed to various concentrations of the plant extracts (100 ppm-0.1 ppm). After treating with 100 and 0.1 ppm for 24 h, the cells viability were reduced by about 49 percent and 35 percent respectively in MTT viability assay. The study confirmed that Amaranthus retroflexus has a cytotoxic effect and more specific to renal cells.


Ensaios biológicos foram realizados para determinação da toxidade de Amaranthus retroflexus L. (Amaranthaceae) conhecido popularmente como "redroot pigweed". Extratos desta espécie foram testados para avaliar sua bioatividade em Artemia salina e citoxidade em células bovinas de rim. Os valores de DL50 para Artemia salina foram medidos a 1700 ppm. As células de rim bovinas foram expostas a várias concentrações dos extratos de plantas (100-0,1 ppm). Após tratamento com 100 e 0,1 ppm por 24 h, a viabilidade celular foi reduzida a cerca de 49 por cento e 35 por cento, respectivamente, no ensaio de MTT. O estudo confirma que Amaranthus retroflexus apresenta um efeito citotóxico e, mais especificamente, para células renais.

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