ABSTRACT
Background: To investigate importance of INH preventivechemotherapy among the children age above 5 years whowere contacted with adults having open pulmonarytuberculosis, as well as the effectiveness of INH prophylaxisamong the children age under 5 years regarding Bangladeshicontext.Objectives: This prospective observational study was carriedout to detect the frequency of tuberculosis and also effect ofisoniazid preventive chemotherapy in children contact withadult open pulmonary tuberculosis.Methods: This study was conducted in the department ofPediatrics, Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College andHospital, Dhaka for duration of three (3) years, from July 2015to July 2018. About 384 population under 12 years childrenwho were close contacted with adult open pulmonarytuberculosis patients, were taken as study sample. Thereprospectively document adherence to six months of INHchemoprophylaxis and outcome in children with householdexposure to an adult open pulmonary tuberculosis index caseon purposive sampling technique. All the children werefollowed up and evaluated after 6 and12 months with monthlymonitoring. Ethical issues were maintained accordingly.Results: In current study subjects, the mean age was6.27±3.08 years and gender distribution were near about equal(Male: 49.5% vs. Female: 50.5%).Among the ≤5 yearschildren, only 52.7% of them received INH prophylaxis andnobody developed TB. But TB was noticeably found in 21.3%of children aged ≤5 years those who didn’t take INHprophylaxis. The majority of tuberculosis patients was foundstayed in urban slum in comparison to LTBI and healthycontact (81.25% vs. 30.77% vs. 39.26%). More than 90% oftuberculosis patients were severe underweight in this study.Conclusion: INH preventive chemotherapy is an importantfactor in children contact of adult tuberculosis. It isrecommended to provide INH chemoprophylaxis in children upto 12 years age. So it should be consider in national policymaking of Bangladesh to reduce tubercular burden inchildhood age.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To investigate antimicrobial effects of ethanolic extract of Zingiber zerumbet (Z. zerumbet) (L.) Smith and its chloroform and petroleum ether soluble fractions against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Methods: The fresh rhizomes of Zingiber zerumbet were extracted in cold with ethanol (4.0 L) after concentration. The crude ethanol extract was fractionated by petroleum ether and chloroform to form a suspension of ethanol extract (15.0 g), petroleum ether fraction (6.6 g) and chloroform soluble fraction (5.0 g). The crude ethanol extract and its petroleum ether and chloroform fractions were evaluated for antibacterial and antifungal activity against thirteen pathogenic bacteria and three fungi by the disc diffusion method. Commercially available kanamycin (30 μg/disc) was used as standard disc and blank discs impregnated with the respective solvents were used as negative control. Results: At a concentration of 400 μg/disc, all the samples showed mild to moderate antibacterial and antifungal activity and produced the zone of inhibition ranging from 6 mm to 10 mm. Among the tested samples, the crude ethanol extract showed the highest activity against Vibrio parahemolyticus (V. parahemolyticus). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the crude ethanol extract and its fractions were within the value of 128-256 μg/mL against two Gram positive and four Gram negative bacteria and all the samples showed the lowest MIC value against V. parahemolyticus (128 μg/mL). Conclusions: It can be concluded that, potent antibacterial and antifungal phytochemicals are present in ethanol extract of Z. zerumbet (L).